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Оси и плоскости тела человека - Тело человека состоит из определенных топографических частей и участков, в которых расположены органы, мышцы, сосуды, нервы и т.д.

Отёска стен и прирубка косяков - Когда на доме не достаёт окон и дверей, красивое высокое крыльцо ещё только в воображении, приходится подниматься с улицы в дом по трапу.

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Практическое значение многофакторного подхода

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Основываясь на принципах многофакторного подхода, можно определять творческий потенциал человека, измеряя каждый фактор, необходимый для креативности. Человек может обладать факторным профилем, который соответствует идеальному в большей или меньшей степени. Для каждой конкретной задачи и для каждой области деятельности идеальный профиль будет другим. Поэтому выявление творческого потенциала человека требует сравнения индивидуального профиля с профилем, необходимым для творческого решения конкретной задачи.

Если для оценки творческого потенциала используются тесты на креативность, важно проанализировать, в какой степени эти тесты измеряют все необходимые для креативности факторы. Многие существующие тесты на креативность оценивают почти исключительно когнитивные способности – такие, например, как дивергентное мышление. Однако оценка творческого потенциала, основанная только на нескольких компонентах, будет частичной и неточной. Полная оценка творческого потенциала должна включать методики, измеряющие когнитивные, конативные, эмоциональные и средовые характеристики.

Говоря о возможности повышения креативности, нужно думать о путях развития необходимых для творчества способностей. Большая часть программ по развитию креативности ориентируется на ограниченный круг способностей. Для того, чтобы развивающая программа была достаточно полной, она должна быть нацелена на улучшение всех когнитивных и некогнитивных компонентов креативности. Более того, программа развития креативности может быть подстроена под каждого человека после диагностики его профиля креативности и выявления наименее развитых компонентов.

Другой способ повышения креативности в рамках многофакторного подхода состоит в том, чтобы обучать людей лучшему использованию собственных ресурсов. Люди могут научиться обращаться к одним компонентам во время определенной стадии творческого процесса и к другим – во время следующей стадии. В некоторых случаях можно повысить эффективность творческой деятельности, подстраивая человека под задачу, оптимизируя соотношение между индивидуальным профилем и конкретными факторами, требующимися для решения задачи. Наконец, для оценки эффективности таких программ нужен многофакторный подход, потому что усиление одного фактора, например, усвоение новых знаний в определенной области, может повлиять на другие факторы – такие, как склонность к риску или мотивация.

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[1]Имеется много литературы, посвященной психоаналитической теории креативности. В данной книге эти работы не рассматриваются.

[2]Под конативными факторами понимаются предпочитаемые или привычные способы поведения; они разделяются на три категории: (1) личностные черты, (2) когнитивные стили, (3) мотивация.

[3]Primary Mental Abilities Test.

[4]Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking.

[5]Test for Creative Thinking – Drawing Production.

[6]Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

[7]California Achievement Test.

[8]Institute of Personality Assessment and Research.

[9]Показателем креативности в каждой области было среднее арифметическое оценок, данных экспертами.

[10]В этом условии кнопки предъявляются вне коробки. Такое разделение элементов облегчает решение задачи: внимание испытуемых привлекается к пустой коробке, которая необходима для нахождения решения.

[11]Каждый раз, когда испытуемый предлагал решение, экспериментатор сообщал, верное ли оно, говоря «да» или «нет».

[12]Для этого подсчитывалась разность между оценками эмоционального состояния до и после индукции.

[13]Медиана – показатель центральной тенденции распределения значений – такой, что половина всех значений лежит выше медианы, а другая половина – ниже. Например, значение 5 является медианой для последовательности 1 2 4 5 8 9 15.

[14]Jackson Innovation Scale.

[15]Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory.

[16]Детей из семей со слабым структурированием оказалось недостаточно для анализа их средних показателей, так как их родители не были должным образом представлены в выборке.

[17]Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement.

[18]Test for Creative Thinking – Drawing Production.

[19]Barron-Welsh Art Scale.

[20]С этим определением согласны не только психологи, занимающиеся креативностью и ее развитием; исследования имплицитных теорий креативности у взрослых показывают, что наиболее часто упоминающимися аспектами креативности являются новизна и соответствие контексту (Lubart & Sternberg, 1995).

[21]Torrance Test of Creative Thinking.

[22]Гипоманией называются симптомы, характерные для маниакального состояния (эйфория в сочетании с бессонницей, логорея, гиперактивность, психомоторное возбуждение, неустойчивость внимания и идеи величия), однако расстройство настроения, противоположное мании, не приводит к выраженному изменению социального и профессионального функционирования, и не включает в себя психотические расстройства (отсутствие бреда).

[23]Masachusetts Instiyute of Technology

[24]Диагностический и статистический указатель психических расстройств, Amtrican Psychiatric Assjciation, 1994.

[25]Remote Association Test.

[26]Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness – Personality Inventory.

[27]Measurement of Ambiguity Tolerance.

[28]Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

[29]Creative Attitude Survey.

[30]Situational Outlook Questionnaire.

[31]Lifetime Creativity Scale.

[32]Tel Aviv Activities Inventory.

[33]Рассказ построен на игре слов. По-французски слово «спасенный» (sauv) состоит из двух слогов – «со» и «вэ». Кроме этого, «со» звучит как французское слово «ведро» (seau). – Прим. пер.

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