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| Задание 4 Определите, является ли утверждение
Вариант 1 Прочитайте текст 1 и выполните задания. Analysis of Consciousness The formal launching of psychology as a separate science occurred in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened his Psychological Institute at the University of Leipzig. Wundt was a psychologist and philosopher who had made contributions to both of these fields. In addition to his experiments in psychology, he was to continue making important contributions to philosophy. The new movement was not so much a revolt against mental philosophy as an attempt to get psychology of an impasse, by utilizing the experimental method of physiology and physics. Scientific psychology at first took over the same apparatus and methods with which physiologists and physicists had been investigating behavior and experience. Very soon, however, psychologists were finding new problems and devising apparatus and procedures of their own. Most of the early psychological experiments dealt with experience. There was only incidental interest in a scientific study of behavior as such: that is, in what persons said and did. Individual observers were trained to attend to and describe their experience while the experimenter made various changes in light, sound and other external conditions. He also made experimental changes in physiological conditions (fatigue, hunger, thirst). The method of attending to and describing experiences under known external and internal conditions was called experimental introspections. Задание 1 Заполните пропуски: Wundt was a ………….. and philosopher who had made contributions to both of these fields. a) scientist b) psychologist c) psychiatrist Задание 2 Заполните пропуски: Scientific psychology at first took over the same apparatus and methods with which physiologists and physicists had been investigating ……………. and experience. a) feeling b) emotion c) behavior Задание 3 Заполните пропуски: The method of attending to and describing experiences under known external and internal conditions was called experimental ………… . a) introspection b) perception c) action Задание 4 Определите, является ли утверждение Individual observers were trained to attend to and describe their experience while the experimenter made various changes in light, sound and other external conditions. а) ложным b) истинным с) в тексте нет информации Задание 5 Определите является ли утверждение The requirements of science are most closely fulfilled when investigators use experimental methods, when instead of observing what occurs spontaneously. а) ложным b) истинным с) в тексте нет информации
Прочитайте текст 2 и выполните задания. Psychology Defined Literally, the word psychology means the “science of the mind”, but psychologists have never been satisfied with this definition. Most contemporary psychologists would define psychology as the “science of the behavior of organisms”. By “behavior” they mean, first of all, activities or processes that can be observed objectively – both the isolated reactions of muscles, glands and other parts of the organism and the organized, goal-directed patterns of reaction that characterize the organism as a whole. Psychologists also interpret “behavior” to include internal processes – thinking, emotional reactions and the like – which one person cannot observe directly in another but which can be inferred from observation of external behavior. Although psychology has been concerned primarily with the behavior of human individuals and groups, it has also dealt with the study of animal behavior. Animals have long held an important place in psychological laboratories as experimental subjects. Since life span of most laboratory animals is shorter than that of people, it is possible to control genetic factors more easily than with people. Another advantage of studying animals is that animal behavior is simpler than human behavior and so it can be more easily investigated. Although great care is always necessary in interpreting human behavior in the light of findings from animal experiments, animal psychology has greatly contributed to our study of human beings. Задание 1 Заполните пропуски: Most contemporary psychologists would ………… psychology as the “science of the behavior of organisms”. а) think of b) define c) know Задание 2 Заполните пропуски: Psychologists also interpret “behavior” to include ………. processes – thinking, emotional reactions and the like. а) internal b) emotional c) external Задание 3 Заполните пропуски: Another advantage of studying animals is that animal behavior is simpler than ………… behavior and so it can be more easily investigated. а) human b) people c) observer Задание 4 Определите, является ли утверждение Philosophers and psychiatrists interpret “behavior” to include internal processes – thinking, emotional reactions and the like – which one person cannot observe directly in another but which can be inferred from observation of external behavior. а) ложным b) истинным с) в тексте нет информации |
