ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОЕ

Оси и плоскости тела человека - Тело человека состоит из определенных топографических частей и участков, в которых расположены органы, мышцы, сосуды, нервы и т.д.

Отёска стен и прирубка косяков - Когда на доме не достаёт окон и дверей, красивое высокое крыльцо ещё только в воображении, приходится подниматься с улицы в дом по трапу.

Дифференциальные уравнения второго порядка (модель рынка с прогнозируемыми ценами) - В простых моделях рынка спрос и предложение обычно полагают зависящими только от текущей цены на товар.

I. Insert the words missing. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian (Russian)

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1) Jurors are selected ... random.

2) The judge direct the jury …points of law.

3) The judge sums ... the evidence of the prosecution and defense.

4) They felt sure that he was guilty ... reasonable doubt

5) Jurors are chosen ... the electoral registrer.

II. 2. Mark (Ö) to show who is ineligible for jury service:

1) Mr. Brown is a solicitor.

2) Mr. Black is a bishop.

3) Mrs. Tent spent two years in a mental asylym.

4) Tom is 19 years old.

5) Mrs. Green is 72 years old.

6) Mary arrived in the UK from Nigeria two years ago. Now she is 15.

7) Mr. Breakman is on bail now.

8) Mr. Nickolson spent 8 years in prison.

ІІ иаріант

I READING

Task 1. Read the text paying attention to words in italics. Write the translation of these words and expressions.

Task 2. Rewrite from the text all sentences where passive forms are used and translate them.

Task 3. Put five – seven questions of different types to the text.

CONSTITUTION

A constitution is a system, often codified in a written document, which establishes the rules and principles by which an organization is governed. In the case of nation states, this term refers specifically to a national constitution, which defines its nation's fundamental political principles and establishes the power and duties of each government. Most national constitutions also guarantee certain rights to the people. Historically, before the evolution of modern codified national constitutions, the term constitution could be applied to any important law.

Constitutions are found in many organizations. They are found extensively in government, at supernational (e.g. United Nation Charter), national (e.g. Constitution of France), and sub-national/provincial (e.g. onstitution of Maryland) levels. They are found in many political groups, such as political parties and pressure groups, including trade unions (labor unions). There are many non-political groups and entities that may have constitutions of a sort such as companies and Voluntary organisations.

The term constitution comes from the Latin constitutio, referring to issuing any important law, usually by the Roman emperor. Later, the term was widely used in canon law to indicate certain relevant decisions, mainly from the pope.

Generally, all constitutions confer specific powers to an organization on the condition that it abides by this constitution or charter limitation. In modern constitutions, there is usually a sense of the constitution's legitimacy being derived from wide consensus, whether the constitution in question is a constitution of government or just the constitution of a private club. The Latin term ultra vires describes activities that fall outside an organisation's orlegislative body's legal or constitutional authority. For example, a students' union may be prohibited as an organization from engaging in activities not concerning students; if the union becomes involved in non-student activities these activities are considered ultra vires of the union's charter. An example from the constitutional law of nation-states would be a provincial government in a federal state trying to legislate in an area exclusively enumerated to the federal government in the constitution. For example, in the United States, any attempt by a state legislature to ratify a treaty with a foreign nation would be considered ultra vires of Congress' constitutional authority, being contrary to the constitution. In both cases, "ultra vires" gives a legal justification for the forced cessation of such action, which would be enforced by thejudiciary in government.

Most commonly, the term constitution refers to a set of rules and principles that define the nature and extent of government. Most constitutions seek to regulate the relationship between institutions of the state, in a basic sense the relationship between the executive, legislature and the judiciary, but also the relationship of institutions within those branches. For example, executive branches can be divided into a head of government, government departments/ministries, executive agencies and acivil service/bureaucracy. Most constitutions also attempt to define the relationship between individuals and the state, and to establish the broad rights of individual citizens. It is thus the most basic law of an area from which all the other laws and rules are hierarchically derived; in some areas it is in fact called "Basic Law".

II GRAMMAR

Task 1. Put question tags to the following statements. This/that becomes it in the tag, there remains unchanged.

Bill doesn’t know Ann. Bill doesn’t know Ann, does he?

That isn’t Tom, is it? There won’t be time, will there?

1. You are not afraid of snakes, ___________ ?

2. Ann isn’t at home, ___________ ?

3. You don’t know French, ___________ ?

4. Tom didn’t see her, ___________ ?

5. This isn’t yours, ___________ ?

6. Mary was not angry, ___________ ?

7. Bill hasn’t had breakfast, ___________ ?

8. You will not tell anyone, ___________ ?

9. I didn’t wake you up, ___________ ?

10. Tom doesn’t like oysters, ___________ ?

11. You don’t want to sell the house, ___________ ?

12. People shouldn’t drink and drive, ___________ ?

13. You are not going alone, ___________ ?

14. The children can read French, ___________ ?

15. He’s ten years old, ___________ ?

16. Bill came on a bicycle, ___________ ?

17. The Smiths have got two cars, ___________ ?

18. Your grand father was a millionaire, ___________ ?

19. Tom should try again, ___________ ?

20. It could be done, ___________ ?

21. This will fit your pocket, ___________ ?

22. I’ve seen you before

23. Bill’s written a novel, ___________ ?

24. He used to eat raw fish, ___________ ?

25. You’d been there, ___________ ?

Task 2. Put the following into the passive voice.

1. You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.

2. Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice.

3. Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit.

4. We use this room only on special occasions.

5. In some districts farmers use pigs to find truffles.

6. Someone switched on a light and opened the door.

7. Somebody has slashed the picture with a knife.

8. They are pulling down the old theatre.

9. The mob broke all the shop windows in recent riots.

10. The librarian said that they were starting a new system because people were not retuning books.

11. The police asked each of us about these movements on the night of the crime.

12. Someone will serve refreshments.

13. People must not leave bicycles in the hall.

14. Members may keep books for three weeks. After that the must return them.

15. The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door.

Task 3. Put the following into indirect speech.

1. “I have something to show you,” I said to her.

2. “Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun,” she said.

3. “I’m going away tomorrow, mother,” he said.

4. “I’ve been in London for a month but so far I haven’t had time to visit the Tower,” said Rupert.

5. “It isn’t so foggy today as it was yesterday,” I remarked.

6. “The new underpass is being officially opened the day after tomorrow,” said the BBC announcer.

7. “We have moved into our new flat. We don’t like it nearly so much as our last one,” said my aunt.

8. “We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work,” they said.

9. “From one of the windows of my flat I can see the Eiffel Tower,” he said.

10. “I’ve no idea what the time is but I’ll dial 8081 and find out,” said his daughter.

11. He said, “My wife has just been made a judge.”

12. “I’ll come with you as soon as I am ready,” she replied.

13. Ann said, “ Englishmen make good husbands because they are nearly always willing to help in the house.”

14. Mary answered, “I like men to be useful but I don’t like them to be too domesticated. I prefer them to keep out of the kitchen.”

15. “What happened to Mr.Budd?” said one of the men.

16. Which of his sons inherited his estate? asked another.

17. Who is going to live in the big house? enquired a third.

18. What will happen to his racehorses? asked someone else.

19. Is a return ticket cheaper than two singles? said my aunt.

20. Have you reserved a seat? I asked him.

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