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THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE USA

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There are many federal courts in the system which has the Supreme Court as its head. In addition, each state within the United Slates has established a system of courts, including a state supreme court, to deal with civil, criminal and appellate proceedings.

There are also county and city courts. Even many of the smallest villages, those in which only a few hundred people live, have a local judge, called a "justice of the peace," who handles minor legal matters.

There are separate military courts for members of the armed forces and other specialized courts to handle matters ranging from tax questions to immigration violations.

The fact that all these courts exist says something about Americans: they are very concerned about law and about justice. In the United States, a person accused of a crime is considered to be innocent until he or she is proven guilty. The Constitution requires that any accused person must have every opportunity to demonstrate his or her innocence in a speedy and public trial, and to be judged innocent or guilty on the basis of evidence presented to a group of unbiased citizens called a jury. A person who has been judged guilty must still he treated justly and fairly, as prescribed by law. A person treated unjustly or cheated by another or by a government official must have a place where he or she can win justice. That place, to an American, is a court. With so much potential for conflict within a free society, it is no surprise that there are more than 542,000 lawyers in the United States and hundreds of thousands of court workers.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following:

1)окружні та міські суди; 2)«мировий суддя»; 3)незначні судові справи; 4)окремі військові суди для військовослужбовців; 5)широке коло питань; 6)порушення іміграційних правил; 7)особа, звинувачена в скоєнні злочину; 8)довести свою невинність на швидкому відкритому судовому процесі; 9)група неупереджених громадян.

Match the following Ukrainian expressions with their English equivalents and memorize them:

1) «Перед закономвсі рівні»

2) захищати та направляти вчинки всіх людей

3) головний суддя та вісім суддів

4) надзвичайні відповідальність та повноваження

5) впливати на життя й суттєво змінювати суспільство

6) визволяти людей з в'язниці

7) надавали захист і свободи представникам меншостей

8) суд вищої інстанції

9) законодавчий база нації

a) a chief justice and eight associate justices

b) the nation's basic law

c) free people from prison

d) give protection and freedom to minorities

e) protect and direct the actions of all people

f) extraordinary responsibility and power

g) the court of final appeal

h) affect the life and change society significantly

i) "Equal Justice Under Law”

JUSTICE IN UKRAINE (From the Constitution of Ukraine, Chapter VIII, Articles 124,125,129) Justice in Ukraine is administered exclusively by the courts. The delegation of the functions of the courts and also the appropriation of these functions by other bodies or officials shall not be permitted. The jurisdiction of the courts extends to all legal relations that arise in the State. Judicial proceedings are performed by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and courts of general jurisdiction. The people directly participate in the administration of justice through people's assessors and jurors. Judicial decisions are adopted by the courts in the name of Ukraine and are mandatory forexecutionthroughout the entire territory of Ukraine. In Ukraine the system of courts of general jurisdiction is formed in accordance with theterritorialprinciple of the principle of specialization. The Supreme Court of Ukraine is the highest judicial body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction. The respective high courts are the highest judicial bodies of specialized courts. Courts of appeal and local courts operate in accordance with the law. The creation of extraordinary and special courts shall not be permitted. In the administration of justice judges are independent and subject only to the law. Judicial proceedings are conducted by a single judge, by a panel of judges, or by a court of the jury. The main principles of judicial proceedings are: 1) legality; 2) equality before the law and the court of all participants in a trial; 3) ensuring that the guilt is proved; 4) adversarial procedure and freedom of the parties to present theirevidence to the courtand to prove theweight of evidence before the court; 5) prosecution by the procurator in court on behalf of the State; 6) ensuring the right of an accused person to a defense; 7) openness of a trial and its complete recording by technical means; 8) ensuring complaint of a court decision by appeal and cassation except incases established by law; 9) the mandatory nature of court decisions. The law may also determine other principles of judicial proceedings in courts of specific judicial jurisdiction. Persons guilty of contempt of court or of showing disrespect toward the judge are brought to legal liability. Read the text and find English equivalents to the following: Правосуддя в Україні, делегування функцій судів, юрисдикція судів, суди загальної юрисдикції, брати участь у здійсненні правосуддя через народних засідателів і присяжных, судові рішення, бути обов'язковими до виконання на всій території України, система судів загальної юрисдикції в Україні, будуватися за принципами територіальності і спеціалізації, найвищий судовий орган у системі судів загальної юрисдикції, Верховний Суд України, апеляційні та місцеві суди, змагальність сторін та свобода в наданні ними суду своїх доказів і у доведенні перед судом їх переконливості, обов'язковість рішень суду. Match the following Ukrainian expressions with their English equivalents: 1) гласність судового процесу 2) забезпечення апеляційного та касаційного оскарження cуду 3) законність 4) підтримання державного обвинувачення в суді прокурором 5) забезпечення доведеності вини 6) рівність усіх учасників судового процесу перед законом і судом 7) забезпечення обвинуваченому права на захист a) ensuring complaint of a court decision by appeal and cassation b) legality c) equality before the law and the court of all participants in a trial d) openness of a trial and its complete recording by technical means; e) ensuring that the guilt is proved f) prosecution by the procurator in court on behalf of the State g) ensuring complaint of a court decision by appeal and cassation Translate the questions into English and answer them: 1.Як здійснюється правосуддя в Україні? 2.Чи допускаються делегування функцій судів, а також привласнення цих функцій іншими органами чи посадовими особами? 3.Хто безпосередньо бере участь у здійсненні правосуддя через народних засідателів і присяжних? 4. За якими принципами будується система судів загальної юрисдикції в Україні? 5. Що є найвищим судовим органом у системі судів загальної юрисдикції? 6. Які повинні бути судді при здійсненні правосуддя? Вставте в речення відповідні слова: Supreme, President, Justice, immunity, courts, Council, jurisdiction, proceedings,judge, Constitution

1. … in Ukraine is administered exclusively by the courts.

2. The … of the courts extends to all legal relations that arise in the State.

3. Judicial … are performed by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and courts of general jurisdiction.

4. In Ukraine, the system of … of general jurisdiction is formed in accordance with the territorial principle and the principle of specification.

5. The … Court of Ukraine is the highest judicial body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction.

6. The independence andof judges are guaranteed by the … and the laws of Ukraine.

7. The first appointment of a professional judge to office for a five-year term is made by the … of Ukraine.

8. Judicial proceedings are conducted by a single … , by a panel of judges, or by a court of the jury.

JURY

Jury is a group of jurors (usually 12) selected at random to decide the facts of a case and give a verdict. Most juries are selected to try crimes but they are also used in coroner's inquests in some civil cases (e.g. defamation actions).

The judge directs the jury on points of law and sums up the evidence of the prosecution and defense for them, but he must leave the jury to decide all questions of fact themselves. He also explains that they must acquit the defendant unless they feel sure that he is guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The verdict of a jury should be unanimous, but if they cannot reach a unanimous verdict, a majority verdict is acceptable.

Each juror must swear that he will faithfully try the case and give a true verdict according to the evidence. Jurors are chosen from the electoral register. They must be aged between 18 and 70 and must have been resident in the UK a period of at least five years since the age of 13. The following are ineligible for jury service:

(1) past and present holders of any judicial office;

(2) solicitors, barristers, members of a court staff, police officers, and other concerned with the administration of justice if they have held the office within the preceding 10 years.

(3) clergymen;

(4) the mentally ill.

Members of Parliament, full-time members of the armed rces, and practicing doctors, chemists, and vets may claim .cusal from jury service. Anyone who has ever been iprisoned for 5 years or more, who has been imprisoned for -ire than 3 months within the preceding 10 years, or who is on bail, is disqualified from jury service.

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