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Оси и плоскости тела человека - Тело человека состоит из определенных топографических частей и участков, в которых расположены органы, мышцы, сосуды, нервы и т.д.
| Self-propelled (adj)—самодвижущийся
Most of our vehicles are self-propelled.
Steam (n) ---пар
When water is heated it changes into steam.
Wheel (n) --- колесо
Wheel is one of the most important invention of a man. 16
Achievement (n) --- достижение
The achievements in this sphere of life were great.
To supply (v) ---снабжать, обеспечивать This river supplies the whole region with water.
To last (v)---длиться, служить
Diesel engines last much longer.
Restriction (n) --- ограничение
The restrictions resulted in the slow development of this branch of industry.
To result from (v) ---являться результатом ч-л., приводить к ч-л.
High speed resulted from a very good aerodynamic design of the automobile.
To outlaw (v) ---об’являть вне закона
Cars were outlawed in many cities.
Application (n) ---применение, использование
The worldwide application of gasoline engines resulted in rapid development of automobile industry.
To perfect (v)--- совершенствовать, улучшать, выполнять
Engines were perfected from steam to gasoline ones.
Procession (n) --- пробег
The international procession of trucks took place in a desert region.
Reliable (adj) ---надежный
New car models are very reliable and comfortable.
To repair (v) ---ремонтировать
Further along the road was a new repair station.
To fill (v) ---заполнять , наполнять 17
We had to stop at the filling station to refill the tank.
Brakes (v) ---тормоза The driver pushed the brakes but the car didn’t stop.
To abolish (v) ---устранять, отменять, упразднять
All speed limits were abolished after the reconstruction of this road.
Rare (adj) --- редкий
The rare models of the automobiles can be seen in private collections or museums.
Value (n) ---цена, стоимость Rare models of the cars have not only historical but practical value as they can be used in films. To fine (v) ---штрафовать
A great number of the drivers are fined by the police for speeding.
VOCABULARY EXERCISES.
A. Complete the following sentences with the words from the list.
restrictions repair wheel supply result in brakes lasted
1. A principle difference is made between traveling ------- and driving ------ . 2. The fuel ------ is automatically interrupted. 3. The front and rear ------ on the car have individual hydraulic control. 4. The replacement of the flat tire ------ for 5 minutes. 5. There are truck ------ in the town streets. 6. The work of three American manufactures ------ the construction of the safest-possible car. 7. The motorist must not be helpless and be able to make quick ------ .
B. Cross out the word that is wrong.. 18
1. The larger cars are extremely comfortable and reliable / crowded. 2. The driver is responsible for the repair / traffic of his car. 3. Check your wheels /brakes and your brakes check you. 4. The driver is reliable /safer when the road is dry. The road is safer when the driver is wet / dry. 5. The average value / time to a train to pass this crossing is 4 seconds, whether your car is on it or not. 6. In India there must be an electric lamp on every elephant. Those who do not want to do it have to pay a ticket / fine. 7. Accidents often result in / result from carelessness.
C. Read and translate the following words:
Combination, to construct, engineer, passenger, maximum, mile, extremely, inefficient, yard, minute, progress, opposition, result, limit, front, local, instruction, to escort, police, station, cycle, cylinder, motorist, to serve, to standardize, component, product, capital, automobile, antique, rarity, historical, photograph, pioneer.
D. Read and translate the following “chains” of nouns.
Motor car, steam engine, Red Flag Act, police station, gasoline engine, repair station, filling station, automobile industry, veteran car, Veteran Motor Car Club.
E. Skim the text and answer the question: “ What is this text about?”
F. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.
1. Who built a steam-driven engine and how did it look like? 2. Why was it very inefficient? 3. Did a steam engine built in Great Britain differ from the one built by engineer Cugnot? 4. What can you say about the restrictions of legislative act and what did it result in? 5. Prove that in Russia motor cars were outlawed in some cities. 6. When did the period of application of gasoline engines to motor cars begin? 7. Who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation in a gasoline engine? 8. Describe the cars that took part in a procession from London to Brighton. 9. When did the huge capital begin to flow into the automobile industry? 10. Show the development rate of automobile industry. 19
TEXT A. THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILES.
The first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles.The carriage was a great achievement but extremely inefficient. The supply lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam. In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 18 miles in 45 minutes.However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain. Further development of the motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicle was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it. In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police:”When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted.” From 1860 to 1900 was a period of application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N.Otto who introduced the four –stroke cycle of operation. By that time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance. In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how reliable the new vehicles were. In fact, many of the cars broke, for the transmissions were unreliable and constantly gave trouble. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them. After the World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Constant efforts were made to standardize common components. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are four-cylinder engines. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of only single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal-combustion engine cars led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry. From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million. No other industry had ever developed at such rate. 20 There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs, such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models. But the best collection – 100 old cars of great rarity – is in possession of William Harrah. The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements. In England there is the famous “Beaulieu Motor Museum” – the home for veteran cars. The founder of the Museum is Lord Montague, the son of one of England’s motoring pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montague’s father was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour.
G. Read and translate line by line paragraphs 9 and 10 of the text and give the title to these paragraphs.
H .Choose the correct answer to the statements.
1.To make more steam the engine of engineer Cugnot a) had to stop very often; b) had to use more gasoline; c) had to run at maximum speed. 2. The progress of motor cars in Great Britain a) developed the car industry; b) met with opposition; c) lasted about 15 years. 3. In some cities of Russia the motor cars a) were quickly developed; b) were restricted; c) were outlawed altogether. 4. By the time, when the four-cycle of operation was introduced a) the car got a standard shape and appearance; b) the car had a high speed; c) the car used petrol as a fuel. 5. A procession of motor cars in 1896 a) showed new models of the automobiles; b) tested new fuel; c) showed the reliability of the car. 6. The motor car is the product of a) a single laboratory; b) a single inventor; c) many inventors and engineers.
I. Read the sentences paying attention to the translation of the construction:
to be, to have + to V
1. The motor car had to stop every hour to refill the tank. 2. The engineers had to achieve greater reliability of the machinery during the war. 3. Four-cylinder engines are to be used almost in all cars. 4. The automobile industry has to develop at high rate. 5. Antique cars have to be in museums, as they have not only historical but also practical value. 6. Newer cars have to be lighter and more comfortable. 7. Four-cylinder engine is to be standard on most cars, but many family-sized cars are to be equipped with diesel engines. 8. The speed of the steam-driven vehicle is to be limited to 4 miles per hour.
J. Find in the text sentences with the construction: to be, to have + to V.
VOCABULARY. TEXT B.
A. Find the translation of the following words in the dictionary.
trackless self-propelled lorry (truck) framework to transmit body to distinguish horse-power wheelbase weight to differ cooling system activities to refer top dead centre bottom dead centre
B. Translate the following “chains” of words.
land transportation, passenger car, horse-power, valve mechanism, ignition system, cooling system, engine cylinder, intake stroke, compression stroke, power stroke, exhaust stroke, piston movement.
C. Find the answers to the questions in the text given below.
1. What are automobiles? 2. What types of automobiles do you know? 3. How many cylinders have automobile engines? 4. What components does an automobile consist of? 5. What is a passenger car propelled by? 6. How do different designs of engines differ? 22 7. What is a stroke? 8. What are the four strokes of an engine? 9. What is top dead centre? 10. What is bottom dead centre? 11. When does the piston complete a stroke?
TEXT B. COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE.
Automobiles are trackless, self-propelled vehicles for land transportation of people or goods, or for moving materials. There are three main types of automobiles. These are passenger cars, buses and lorries (trucks). The automobile consists of the following components: a) the engine; b) the framework; c) the mechanism that transmits the power from engine to the wheels; d) the body. Passenger cars are, as a rule, propelled by an internal combustion engine. They are distinguished by the horse power of the engine, the number of cylinders in the engine and the type of the body, the type of transmission, wheelbase, weight and overall length. There are engines of various designs. They differ in the number of cylinders, their position, their operating cycle, valve mechanism, ignition and cooling system. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders, although some four-, twelve-, sixteen-cylinder engines are used. The activities that take place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages which are called strokes. The four strokes are: intake, compression, power and exhaust. “Stroke” refers to the piston movement. The upper limit of the piston movement is called top dead centre, TDC. The lower limit of piston movement is called bottom dead centre, BDC. A stroke constitutes piston movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes the direction of motion.
D. Read the text and use the context and the diagram to help you with the key words.
There was a serious accident on one of the main roads into the Stuttgart this morning. An old lorry (truck) broke down in the middle of the road, and the driver couldn’t move it. It was eight o’clock, the middle of the rush hour, so it soon created a terrible traffic jam. Drivers got very angry and a man in Mercedes tried to go round the lorry. Unfortunately another car was coming in the opposite direction. The driver braked hard and tried to stop, but he couldn’t prevent the accident – the Mercedes crashed into the front of his car. The Driver of the Mercedes was OK, but the other driver was badly injured and both cars were very badly damaged.
E. Give the translation of the following words from the text.
accident main road broke down rush hour traffic jam in the opposite direction prevent crashed into badly damaged braked
F. Fill the gaps with the correct words.
1. There was a bad accident this morning. One driver died, the other driver was badly -----------, and both cars were badly ------------- .
2. It was raining, so when I -------------- the car didn’t stop quickly enough, and I -------------- into the back of the car in front.
3. The car -------------, so I phoned a garage and they sent someone to repair it.
4. There was a terrible ------------, and that’s why it took me two hours to get home in the car.
5. In the morning, the ------------- starts at about 7 o’clock and goes on until at least 9.30. Then it starts again about 4.30 in the afternoon.
G. Many road signs are international. Do you know or can you guess what these mean?
H. Read the columns of words, translate them and try to remember.
BUS TRAIN PLANE TAXI BICYCLE CAR
Driver driver pilot driver cyclist driver Drives drives flies drives rides drives Fare fare air fare fare ------ ------ Catch/take catch/take take take go on go by Get on/off get on/off get on/off get in/out get on/off get in/out Bus station railway station airport taxi rank ------ -------
I. Cross out the incorrect word in these sentences.
1. You mustn’t ride/drive a motorbike without a crash helmet. 2. She told him to get in/get on the car and fasten his seat belt. 3. Bus fares/tickets are getting more expensive. 4. The pilot couldn’t drive/fly the plane in such a bad weather. 5. I couldn’t get on/ get in the first bus, because it was full up.
J. Are these statements TRUE or FALSE in your experience?
1. Trains are more reliable than buses. 2. Train fares are more expensive than bus fares. 3. Train journeys are more interesting than bus journeys. 4. Railway stations are nicer places than bus stations. 5. You get to the place you are going faster by taxi than by car.
TEXT C. AMERICAN CARS.
A. Read and translate the text using a dictionary. Americans cars are much larger and heavier than European and Japanese cars, although there is now a big increase in the production of smaller cars. The larger cars are extremely comfortable and relaxing to drive and to be driven in, but they do not generally handle or corner as well as smaller cars. They also consume the colossal amounts of petrol, although there has been a big improvement in this respect in recent years and “economy” cars are taking over from “gas-guzzlers”. You may well encounter gadgets in American cars that you have not had the pleasure of coming across before. These include electric windows and mirrors, and buzzers that tell you that your seat belt is not fastened, that you left your lights on, that you’ve left the keys in the ignition, etc. Your car may be equipped with “cruise control”, a device that enables you to free your right foot on long motorway trips (it will keep the car going at a constant speed until you accelerate or brake) and air conditioning (very desirable, though not as absolutely necessary as Americans tell you for desert and other hot driving). In some respects American roads are a good deal better than most European roads. They are, for instance, generally much wider and straighter. In other respects they are worse The combination of low taxes and (in the north) severe frosts means that even motorways may have amazing pot-holes. There are also, fewer road markings, “cats’ eyes” and so on than Europeans are used to.
B.. Choose the answer given bellow to complete each statement.
1.American cars are a) smaller than European; b) cheaper than Japanese; c) larger than European and Japanese; d) larger and heavier than European and Japanese.
2. American cars are a) more comfortable to be driven in; b) extremely uncomfortable; c) generally not very relaxing; d) easy to handle and corner.
3. American cars are a) “economy” cars; b) consume much cheap fuel; c) are “gas-guzzlers”; d) consume little fuel. 4. American roads are a) worse than European; b) wider and straighter; c) a good deal worse; d) not very good.
C. Find in the text.
1.What does the term “gadgets” include: a) ______________________________ b) ______________________________ c) ______________________________ d) ______________________________ 2. What is the car equipped with “cruise control” for? 3. What is air conditioning necessary for? 4.What is the reason of amazing pot-holes on the roads and even motorways? 5. How do you understand the term “cats’ eyes”?
VOCABULARY. TEXT D.
to predict предвидеть, предсказывать front-wheel drive передний привод to commute совершать регулярные поездки errands поручения alloys сплавы to expect ожидать to achieve достигать to allow позволять, разрешать streamline обтекаемый to monitor проверять, контролировать solid state твердое состояние
A. Read and translate the text given bellow.
CARS OF FUTURE: SMALLER, LIGHTER, MORE COSTLY. TEXT D.
Most experts agree that the typical car of the future will differ in many respects from the one most people drive today. Automotive engineers and other authorities predict that cars will become smaller, lighter and considerably more expensive. Most will have front-wheel drive, and more will burn diesel oil or more exotic fuels. More two-passenger urban cars, some of them powered by electricity, will be used for commuting to work and running everyday errands, but the six-passenger family automobiles will not disappear completely. Big cars will be too expensive to operate for everyday use. So instead of buying a big car and using it only a few weeks a year, people may prefer to rent one for special occasions, such as summer vacations. Greater use of plastics, aluminum and lightweight steel alloys is expected. Further weight reduction could be achieved if the cost of light, super-strong graphite-fiber materials can be brought down to the levels economical enough to allow their use. Additional improvements in fuel efficiency will be achieved through streamlined contours that reduce wind resistance, tires that roll more easily and automatic transmissions that are more efficient than those of cars today. Engines will be controlled by solid-state electronic components that will constantly monitor exhaust emissions and milk every drop of efficiency out of each gallon. Predictions are that there could be more changes in automotive fuels than in the cars themselves. The use of gasohol, a blend of 90 per cent regular unleaded gasoline and 10 per cent alcohol, will be widespread.
B. Future cars will differ from today cars. Find in the text 7 features that prove this.
1._______________________________________________ 2._______________________________________________ 3._______________________________________________ 4.______________________________________________ 5._______________________________________________ 6.______________________________________________ 7._______________________________________________
C. Find the answers in text D to the questions given bellow.
1. What can you say about the use of future two- passenger cars? 2. What will be the future of six-passenger cars and why? 3. What will make the cars lighter? 4. How can wind resistance be reduced? 5. How can you understand the words: to milk every drop of efficiency out of each gallon?
D. Read text E and be ready to answer : “ The driver of what car would you like to be? Why?”
TEXT E. AN INTERESTING EXPERIMENT.
No matter how experienced, no one drives automatically. 28 Good driving is always the result of “continually concentrating and thinking.” Two similar cars were driven under test conditions over a 1,750-mile run. Car A was driven by a driver avoiding any risk, and car B as fast as legally possible. The journey took car A 47 hours, 53 minutes, car B 45 hours, 45 minutes, which meant that car B saved just over 2 ¾ hours on the run. But in order to do this it used 10 ½ gallons more petrol, and wore two millimeters off its tyres compared with only one millimeter for car A. Car B had to brake suddenly 184 times compared with only seven times for car A – with the consequent wear on brake linings. Statistics shows that many accidents take place while overtaking. Car B added to its risk factor by passing 531 cars and 313 lorries, compared with the 230 cars and 262 lorries passed by car A. After all that, car A averaged 36.5 m.p.h. against the 38.6 averaged by car B. Most careful drivers, one imagines, would argue that it is hardly worthwhile to wear down their tyres, brake linings—and nerves—spending over 3 more pounds sterling on petrol, just to achieve an extra 2 m.p.h. on their average speed.
E. Read and translate the following texts, using a dictionary.
Text A. SYSTEM WARNS MOTORIST AGAINST SKID.
An electronic warning system which tells the motorist when his wheels are spinning on slippery roads has been developed by a Swedish engineer, Helger ceder, Stockholm. The system adjusts automatically for road conditions and engine output. In operation, one of the driving wheels of a car and one of the free-rolling wheels are equipped with magnets. These produce electric impulses in induction coils mounted on the car. The impulses are amplified to form series of pulses, the frequency of which is proportional to the rotating speed of the wheels. The pulses are integrated and fed into a differentiator, the outgoing signals of which tell the difference in rotating speed between the driving wheels and the free-rolling wheels. This difference represents the amount of the skid. When the skid exceeds a present limit, the driver gets a signal at the same time as the gas is reduced. The permissible limit of wheel spinning is controlled by the accelerator, which means that it is dependent on speed, acceleration and the degree of ascent. The system may be further developed to include control of the brakes to attain optimal braking effect. The device can also be used as a speedometer and a speed limit indicator.
TEXT B. BUILDING THE SAFEST CAR. 29
Three American manufactures have been given the job of trying to built the safest-possible car. Each will build one automobile designed to meet safety specifications of the Department of Transportation. From them the Department will choose the safest one. The cars will be five-passenger, four-door sedans, each weighing about 4,000 pounds. They will be built to help the driver avoid crashes and to minimize injuries after a crash take place. Brakes will provide a minimum stopping distance and prevent skidding. The cars will have improved rear viewing, better lights. Controls and instruments will be easily reached and read. The cars are to be built so as to have no damage in crashes up to 10 miles per hour. Driver and passenger injuries are to be minimized in front-end crashes at 40 to 50 miles per hour and in rear and roll-over crashes. Fuel tanks and fuel lines will be protected to prevent fire. The cars also must meet strict pollution-emission standards.
TEXT C. IF THE DRIVER IS TIRED.
The French engineer Jan Guebelen has invented a new device for drivers. The “signalizer” registers the physical state of the driver --- tiredness, nervousness and use of strong drinks. The device in the form of a bracelet worn on the hand, is connected to the intensifier mounted on the control board of the car; its signals put in action the servo- engine which controls feeding of fuel to the carburetor, thus reducing the speed or bringing the car to a full stop. If the driver is tired a bell is sounded to make him stop the car. In case he does not do it, the car will stop by itself. It will not start until the driver has rested. If the driver is drunk, the bracelet will not “allow” him to start the car. A very useful device, especially if we take into consideration the number of accidents on the roads caused by drivers being tired or drunk..
UNIT 3.
TRACTORS.30 VOCABULARY. TEXT A. |
