ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОЕ

Оси и плоскости тела человека - Тело человека состоит из определенных топографических частей и участков, в которых расположены органы, мышцы, сосуды, нервы и т.д.

Отёска стен и прирубка косяков - Когда на доме не достаёт окон и дверей, красивое высокое крыльцо ещё только в воображении, приходится подниматься с улицы в дом по трапу.

Дифференциальные уравнения второго порядка (модель рынка с прогнозируемыми ценами) - В простых моделях рынка спрос и предложение обычно полагают зависящими только от текущей цены на товар.

Morphological structure of English and Ukrainian words. Types of morphemes. IC analysis.

Each of the two parts of the word books has both form and content. Such meaningful parts of a word are called morphemes. The morphemes book- and -s differ essentially:

1) In their relations to reality and thought. Book- is directlyassociated with some object of reality, even if it does not name it as the word book does (compare bookish). The morpheme –s is connected with the world of reality only indirectly.

2) In their relations to the word which they are part of. Book- is more independent than -s. Book- makes a word book with a zero morpheme, with the meaning of “singular number”, added, whereas -scannot make a word with a zero morpheme. It always depends on some other morpheme.

The grammatical morpheme -s is a bound morpheme: it is rigidly connected with the lexical morpheme. The grammatical morpheme shall is a free morpheme or a word-morpheme.

Units like invites, with bound grammatical morphemes, are called synthetic words. They are words both in form and in content. Units like shall invite, with free grammatical morphemes, or grammatical word-morphemes, are called analytical words.

De-, for-, -er, -less are bound morphemes. English also possesses free lexico-grammatical morphemes, or lexico-grammatical wordmorphemes. The lexical morpheme is regarded as the root of the word, all the other bound morphemes as affixes: prefixes, suffixes and infixes.

Words without their grammatical morphemes (mostly suffixes, often called endings or inflections) are known as stems. stems are usually distinguished:

1. Simple (прості основи), containing only the root, as in day, dogs, write, wanted, etc.

2. Derivative (похідні основи), containing affixes or other stembuilding elements, as in boyhood, rewrite, strength, etc.

3. Compound (складні основи), containing two or more roots, as in white-wash, pickpocket, appletree, motor-car, brother-in-law, etc.

4. Composite (складені основи), containing free lexico-grammatical word-morphemes or otherwise having the form of a combination of words, as in give up, two hundred and twenty five, at last, in spite of, etc.

Ic- Immediate constituent analysis

3. Principal types of word formation in Eng & Ukr.

Word formation – branch of linguistic science, which studies the patterns on which a language forms new lexical units.

2 principles of classification of the types of WF: 1) derivation – the type where the word has only 1 semantic centre (root) the other morphemes being the affixes (joyful, childhood); productive in Engl as well as compounding; 2)compounding– the type where the word has at least 2 sem centres (classroom, blacklist);

abbreviation –productive in En & Ukr; when a word can be shortened to a form which is linguistically convenient and need not to reflect the morphological structure of the full form:

1. clipping – shortening of a polysyllabic word by deleting 1 or more syllables (ad-advertisement, phone-telephone); 2. acronyms – word formed from the initial letters of the words that make up a name (nato). Are pronounced as a single word. May consist only of capitals or lose capitals & become everyday terms (USA, radar).

3. blending – words are formed only from the beginning of 1 word 7 the end ob another word. (smog–smoke+fog, хилитати–хилити+ колихати).

backformation – such type of wf where a derived form has proceeded the word from which it seems to be derived (work (later) – worker (at first); edit - editer);

reduplication – words are formed by doubling the stem (bye-bye / blah-blah [are identical in their form (reduplicative compounds proper)]; ping-pong / chit-chat [have dif root vowels (gradational compounds)]; willy-nilly [are joint to rhyme (rhyme compounds)]); not so produc;

conversion– the transference of a word from 1 part of speech into another (in Ukr: adj – noun / молода тополя-молода на весіллі; in En any part of speech may be converted: dog – to dog); nonse-formation – when the whole phrase/sentence denotes 1 object (stay-at-home, пліч-о-пл).

Affixation is a word-formative process in which words are creating by adding word-building affixes to the stems. It includes: prefixation (forming new words with the help of prefixes) & suffixation (forming new words with the help of suffixes). Affixes are classified into: native (-er, -ing, -ся, -ння), borrowed (anti-, -ism, анти-, ізм) , productive (-er, -able, -сть) , non-productive (-th, -hood, -як).

Compounds are words formed by combining 2 or more stems which function as a single word.

Rules of WFare at the intersection of the historical and synchronical study of the language. Rules provide a set of models from which new words arecreated. Affixes or compounding can become productive or lose their productivity.