ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОЕ

Оси и плоскости тела человека - Тело человека состоит из определенных топографических частей и участков, в которых расположены органы, мышцы, сосуды, нервы и т.д.

Отёска стен и прирубка косяков - Когда на доме не достаёт окон и дверей, красивое высокое крыльцо ещё только в воображении, приходится подниматься с улицы в дом по трапу.

Дифференциальные уравнения второго порядка (модель рынка с прогнозируемыми ценами) - В простых моделях рынка спрос и предложение обычно полагают зависящими только от текущей цены на товар.

The typology of the sentence

Lecture 10. Typology of the Word-groups and Sentences in English and Ukrainian

Basic notes of the Typological constants in the syntactic system.

A successful typological contrasting of syntactic systems of the English and Ukrainian languages becomes possible due to the existence in them of several isomorphic and allomorphic features and phenomena. The principal of these are predetermined, as will be shown in this section, by several factors, the main of which are the following: 1) by common in both languages classes of syntactic units which are word-groups, sentences and various types of supersyntactic units; 2) by generallycommon paradigmatic classes and types of these syntactic units; 3) by isomorphic and allomorphic types and means of syntactic connection in them; 4) by mostly isomorphic syntactic processes taking place in their word-groups and sentences; 5) by identical syntactic relations in word-groups and sentences of both contrasted languages; 6) by common functions performed by different parts of speech in word-groups and sentences.

The allomorphic features and phenomena at the syntactic level find their expression in the following: 1) in the existence of various qualitative and quantitative differences in some paradigmatic classes of word-groups and sentences; 2) in some types of word-groups; 3) in the unequal representation of different means of syntactic connection; 4) in the existence of different ways of expressing predication; 5) in the difference in the structural forms of some English parts of the sentence; 6) in the means of joining some subordinate clauses to the main/principal clause, etc.

All these features characterise respectively the syntactic constants of the syntactic level, i. e. the syntactic processes, the syntactic relations, the syntactic connections in word-groups and sentences being sem-selves constants of this language level.

Typology of the Phrase

The word-group in both contrasted languages consists of two or more grammatically connected notional parts of speech expressing some content. Word-groups in English and Ukrainian may be: 1) syntactically free combinations of wordslike to learn much, to learn hard, to learn quickly, to learn well, to learn there/here, etc. or 2) idiomatically bound(constant) collocations, i. e. unchanged for the given sense word-combinations as to have dinner/supper, to take measures, to throw light, Hobson's choice, etc.

Free word-groups or word-combinations exist alongside of prepositional phrases which are often considered even to be of the same nature as the idiomatic word-groups [7]. Genuine syntactically free word-groups, unlike prepositional phrases, are used to name actions (quick reading), objects (a new hat), state of objects (the house ablaze), number or quantity (two thirds, the first three); also they may give characteristics of an action (singing well, going quickly, arriving first — новий капелюх, йому/Миколі страшно, дві третіх, перші три, швидко йти, гарно читати).

The connections between the elements of a dominational phrase can be further grouped into

· Predicative (the combination of the subject and the predicate of a sentence) e.g. the train arrived, him running, вона говорила.

· Attributive(the combination of a noun with its attribute expressed by an adjective or a noun) e.g. an emerald ring; a woman of strong character, цікава книга.

· Objective (the combination of a verb with a subordinate element expressed by a noun, pronounor a verbal) e.g. to read the book; to read it; подивитись дім.

· Adverbial (the combination of a verb and an adverbial modifier or the combination of an adjective or an adverb and the subordinate element expressed by an adverb) e.g. to talk quickly; говорити голосно. These syntactical connections can be formally expressed in different ways:

· Government -the form of the adjunct is influenced by the head-word. (e.g. позвати брата; сказати брату; to call her, to ask him)

· Agreement - the kernel and the adjunct have the same number, gender, case, person. (e.g. велика кімната, про нову кімнату, this book – these books, that boy – those boys).

· Contact (adjoinment) - the elements are combined with one another by sheer contact, without the help of any grammatical forms.(e.g. бігти швидко, to read aloud).

The adjunct can be in preposition or in postposition to the head-word. e.g. a health certificate; довідка про стан здоров’я.

The typology of the sentence

Unlike word-groups which are subject of investigation in Minor syntax, the sentence is investigated in the so-called Major syntax. Hence, the sentence in thecontrasted languageshas a largenumberoftypologically relevant features incommon.

The existence of such isomorphic features both in the simple and in the composite sentence ispredetermined by the maincommontypes ofaspects characteristic of the sentence as a peculiar language unit.These aspects are three:

1) structural;

2) semantic

3) pragmatic.

Thisaspective trichotomy directly correlates with the meaning, form and functioning of the sentence in speech where it realises its explicit form of an utterance corresponding to a logically complete proposition.

These three aspects are practically of universal nature; they constitute the main basis for a systemic arrangement and systemic contrasting of simple and composite sentences in all languages. Apart from this, the mentioned aspects can also serve as reliable distinguishing features between the main syntactic units, i. e. sentences on the one hand and the word-groups that are used to formsentences, on the other.

The principal distinguishing features characterising the sentence as a universal language unit are as follows:

1) the sentence is the main language unit;

2) it is the main syntactic unit

3) it is the main integral part of speech, in other words - the principal communicative unit. Unlike word-groups, sentences in the contrasted languages are distinguished from word-groups and words, that are as lower in rank language units, by some peculiar features, the main of which are the following four: 1) an intonation contour; 2) predication; 3) modality; 4) and a relative sense completion.