ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОЕ

Оси и плоскости тела человека - Тело человека состоит из определенных топографических частей и участков, в которых расположены органы, мышцы, сосуды, нервы и т.д.

Отёска стен и прирубка косяков - Когда на доме не достаёт окон и дверей, красивое высокое крыльцо ещё только в воображении, приходится подниматься с улицы в дом по трапу.

Дифференциальные уравнения второго порядка (модель рынка с прогнозируемыми ценами) - В простых моделях рынка спрос и предложение обычно полагают зависящими только от текущей цены на товар.

GENERAL ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY

The English word-stock may be subdivided into two main sets. The elements of one are native, the elements of the other are borrowed.

A native word is a word which belongs to the original English stock, besides, this word is found in Old English. Native words are words brought by Anglo-Saxons from the continent and have cognates from other European languages but cannot be traced to any particular language.

The importance of native words in the English vocabulary is often overlooked because of a multitude of foreign words in Modern English

Native words in the English vocabulary are very often simple in their structure, but serve as a basis for word-formation.

The peculiar feature of native words in the language is their stability. They live for centuries. But in the course of time a certain number of Old English words have fallen out of the vocabulary.

A loan word, borrowed word or borrowing is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonetic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.

70% of the English vocabulary consists of borrowings due to specific conditions of the English language development. The role played by borrowings is conditioned by direct and indirect linguistic contacts, the English language system absorbed and remodeled the majority of borrowings to its own standards but in spite of the changes they have undergone we can recognize them and trace their origin.

The English language happened to come in long and close contact with several other languages, mainly Latin, French and Old Norse (Scandinavian). The great influx of borrowings from these sources can be accounted for by a number of historical causes. Due to the great influence of the Roman civilization Latin was for a long time used in England as the language of learning and religion. Old Norse was the language of the conquerors who were on the same level of social and cultural development and who merged rather easily with the local population in the 9^th, 10^th and the first half of 11^th century. French, (to be more exact its Norman dialect) was the language of the other conquerors who brought with them a lot of new notions of a higher social system-developed feudalism, it was the language of upper classes, of official documents and school instruction from the middle of the 11^th century to the end of the 14^th century. The borrowings from French refer to various fields of social-political, scientific and cultural life. Also a large portion of borrowings is scientific and technical terms.

Yet more than half of the vocabulary of English is of Latin origin, implanted either directly during the four centuries or indirectly by eclectic borrowings in later epochs from Mn French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese. Through the centuries it has borrowed so profusely from all other languages on earth and has assimilated words so successfully that today only professional scholars are aware of the national origins of many words in daily use. Here are some examples:

From Italian: balcony, brigade, colonel, piano, umbrella.

From Persian: check, chess, divan, lemon, lilac, shawl.

From Greek: acrobat, Bible, catastrophe, idiot, tactics.

From Spanish: alligator, canyon, sherry, rodeo.

Arabic : admiral, alcohol, algebra, camel, coffee, harem, lemon, massage;

Turkish : Altai, ataman;

Portuguese : breeze, caramel, cobra;

Norwegian : bag, kidnap, slalom;

Italian : bronze, dome, mascara, concert, opera, piano;

Dutch : boom, boss, cookie, easel, landscape;

Russian : babushka, balalayka, samovar, sputnik, duma, banya.

EARLY INVASIONS

In early times Britain was invaded by many different peoples.

The Celts

Between the sixth and the third centuries BC, the British Isles were invaded by Celtic tribes who settled in southern England. They originally came from central Europe.

The Romans

In AD 43, the Romans invaded southern Britain. It became a Roman colony called Britannia. The Romans set up their capital in London, and built major cities in Bath, Chester and York

The Vikings

About AD 790, the Vikings started to invade England. The Norsemen, who came from Norway, mainly settled in Scotland and Ireland. The north and east of England were settled by the Danes.

The Normans

The Duke of Normandy, known as William the Conqueror, now became the king of England, establishing a new Anglo-Norman state. England became a strong, centralised country under military rule. Castles appeared all over England to enforce Normal rule. England has never been invaded since 1066.