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ETYMOLOGY AS A BRANCH OF LEXICOLOGY. EARLY INVASIONS. WORDS OF NATIVE ORIGIN. BORROWINGS (LOANWORDS).

LEXICOLOGY AND OTHER BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS

The science which studies the vocabulary of the language as a complex of its constituent elements is called lexicology.

Lexicology studies the lexical level of the language. The term “lexicology” is composed of two Greek words: “lexis” (~ word, phrase) and “logos” (~ science, learning). Thus, the literal meaning of the term “lexicology” is “the science of the word”. The basic task of lexicology is the study and systematic description of the vocabulary of a particular language in respect to its origin, development and current usage.

The branches of lexicology are semasiology and onomasiology. Semasiology studies linguistic units and their meanings. Onomasiology studies the choice of linguistic units for naming the ideas or the objects of reality. An allied science to lexicology is lexicography, which is the theory and practice of composing dictionaries.

Lexicology is closely connected with phonetics, stylistics, and grammar. Phonetics studies the phonetic structure of the language, grammar studies the morphological system and syntactical relations in the language, and stylistics studies the nature, functions and structure of stylistic devices. Lexicology studies words and relations between them, that is, the meaning of the word, and different types of word-groups in which the word occurs in speech.

AIMS AND PROBLEMS OF LEXICOLOGY.

Modern English lexicology aims at giving a systematic description of the word-stock of the language.

problems of:

· theory of the word;

· stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary (stylistically-neutral and stylistically-marked words);

· etymology of the English words (the sources and growth of the English vocabulary);

· word structure (morphemes: bound and free; roots and affixes);

· word formation (affixation, word composition, conversion, non-productive ways of word formation);

· semantics (semasiology) (meaning and change of meanings of words);

· semantic groupings of words (polysemantic and monosemantic words, homonyms, synonyms, antonyms);

· phraseology (criteria and sources of phraseological units, their classification);

· differences between the British English and the American English; There are two approaches to the subject of study in lexicology:

· synchronic;

· diachronic.

The first approach is connected with the vocabulary of a language as it exists at a given time (e.g. at the present time). The diachronic approach deals with the changes and the development of the vocabulary in the course of time at a certain historical period.

STYLISTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

STYLISTICALLY-NEUTRAL WORDS

Stylistically-neutral words are also called the basic vocabulary of the language. They can be used in all kinds of situations, both formal, and informal, in speech and in writing. They denote objects and phenomena of everyday importance (e.g. house, bread, book, man, to go, to eat). Their meanings are broad, general, and bear no additional information.

STYLISTICALLY-MARKED WORDS

Stylistically-marked words can be subdivided into two groups: formal and informal.

Formal wordsare appropriate in formal situations. The words of formal style fall into 3 groups:

Learned words

These words are associated with printed page. They are also called “bookish”. Modern prose is rich in them. They can be subdivided into:

· scientific prose words – dry, matter-of-fact flavour words;

· “officialese” – official bureaucratic words;

· literary words – lofty words used in descriptive passages of fiction;

· modes of poetic diction – high-flown words used in poetry.

Archaisms

These words are old and are not used in modern English. They are subdivided into:

· obsolete words – very rare, cannot be understood without specialexplanation;

· archaisms proper – can be understood because they were used in theXIXth century;

· historical words – denote objects or phenomena which have

disappeared.

Professional Terminology

They are words and phrases used by professional groups of people.

Informal wordsare appropriate in the immediate circle: family,

relatives, or friends. The words of informal style fall into 3 groups:

Colloquial words

Colloquial words can be subdivided into:

· literary colloquial – words used by everybody;

· familiar colloquial – words used mostly by the young and semi-educated;

low colloquial – rough and coarse words used by the illiterate.

· 2. Slang

· There is no exact definition of slangy words; slang is everything that is not included into the textbooks.

· 3. Dialect words

· There are certain regional forms of the English language in which dialect words appear. The British dialects are Northern, Midland, Eastern, Western, Southern; the American dialects are Northern, Midland, Southern. For the United Kingdom received pronunciation (RP) is considered to be the standard, for the USA it is Uniform American English (Californian English).

ETYMOLOGY AS A BRANCH OF LEXICOLOGY. EARLY INVASIONS. WORDS OF NATIVE ORIGIN. BORROWINGS (LOANWORDS).

Etymology is the study of the origins of words. Through old texts and comparison with other languages, etymologists reconstruct the history of words: when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning have changed.

The word “etymology” itself comes from the Greek word “etymos” (~ “true”). The term was originally applied to the search of supposedly “original” or “true” meanings of words.

The English language has a mixed character. In order to study the etymology of the English words it is important to know the early history of Great Britain.