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| Constituent Structure of Words
Complex words (those of more than one morpheme) aren't merely unstructured sequences of morphemes. Dropouts – The plural –s suffix on dropouts must be added to the entire compound, not to out to which drop is then added. The reason for this is that the plural suffix may be attached to nouns but not to verbs or particles. Drop and out constitute a noun only after they have been brought together in the compound. We can use brackets with subscripts to represent these relations: [N [N [V drop] [Prtout] ]s].
COMPOUNDS One special type of morphology stands somewhat outside these distinctions because none of the morphemes involved are necessarily bound, thus none can be considered as true derivational or inflectional morphemes. This is the process of compounding, which is the combination of two or more stems, rather than a single stem with an affix. Although in English we often write spaces between the elements of a compound, they function as single words. In English, the most common kind of compound is a sequence of two or more nouns forming a single complex noun, such as olive oil, credit card, or employee training manual. These are "single" nouns in the sense that they can substitute in a sentence for a one-word noun, from the point of view of the syntax: I put olive oil on the bread. I put butter on the bread. Similarly, to pluralize a compound noun, a single -s is added (not one for each element): credit cards (*credits cards) Another test for compounds is that in syntactic phrases in English (such as adjective + noun), stress normally falls on the rightmost word; whereas in a compound (such as noun + noun), stress falls further to the left: a funny cárd, an expensive cárd a bírthday card, a crédit card There are a number of ways of approaching the study and classification of compound words, the most accessible of which is to classify them according to the part of speech of the compound and then subclassify them according to the parts of speech of its constituents. Table is based on discussion in Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. English Compounds (Bauer)
An alternative approach is to classify compound in terms of the semantic relationship between the compound and its head. The head of a compound is the constituent which is modified by the compound's other constituents. In English, heads of compounds are typically the rightmost constituent (excluding any derivational and inflectional suffixes). For example, in high-rise the head is rise, which is modified by high. Using this approach, we distinguish tree types of compounds: endocentric, exocentric, andappositional. An endocentric compound denotes something which is a subtype of whatever is denoted by head. An armchair is a type of chair; a breath test is a kind of test. An Exocentric compound is understood as denoting a subtype of a category which isn't mentioned within the compound. A pickpocket is neither a kind of pocket nor a kind of pick; it's a kind of person. An appositional compound is understood as denoting an entity or property to which both constituents contribute equally. Bittersweet refers to a quality which is both bitter and sweet. As a third possible mode of analyzing compounds, we briefly consider that mode used in the series of modern-traditional grammars prepared by Quirk (Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey leech, and Jan Startvik. A Grammar of Contemporary English. – New York: Seminar Press,1972, 1985). In this method, the compounds are analysed and classified according to the relationships which their constituents bear to each other when the meaning of the compound is expressed as a sentence. |
