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Summary writing tips 1) Skim the text. You should know what the main content of it is. Read the headline carefully. 2). Read the text again to understand more details. You must have understood the whole text. 3) Make notes (use keywords). Underline important words in the text. 4) Form sentences with the help of your keywords. These sentences should reflect the main content of the text. 5) Shorten the text in such a way that all facts are in the summary. Leave out examples, evaluations and interpretations 6) Connect the sentences using suitable conjunctions. The first sentence should describe the main content of the text. 7) Use Simple Present or Simple Past. Write sentences in Reported speech. 8) Sometimes you have to change the persons. 9) Check your summary. Watch out for spelling mistakes.
Use the key patterns:
2. Summarize the information given in the text “Modern Printing Technology”.
2. Read the text and give each publishing stage a heading.
Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of literature or information – the activity of making information available for public view.
Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books and newspapers. With the advent of digital information systems and the Internet, the scope of publishing has expanded to include electronic resources, such as the electronic versions of books and periodicals, as well as micropublishing, websites, blogs, video games and the like.
B.Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of intellectual property rights and agree on royalty rates. The publisher and writer must also agree on the intended formats of publication -— paperback and hardback are the most common options.
C.A decision is taken to publish a work, and the technical legal issues resolved, the author may be asked to improve the quality of the work through rewriting or smaller changes, and the staff will edit the work. Publishers may maintain a house style, and staff will copy edit to ensure that the work matches the style and grammatical requirements of each market. Editors often choose or refine titles and headlines.
E.As front cover images are produced or chapters are edited, sales people may start talking about the book with their customers to build early interest. As early interest is measured, this information feeds back through the editorial process and may affect the print run, the formatting of the book and the strategy employed to sell it.
F.When editing and design work are completed, the printing phase begins. The first step is the creation of a pre-press proof, which shows the book precisely as it will appear once printed and is the final opportunity for the publisher to find and correct any errors. Once the proofs have been approved by the publisher, printing—the physical production of the published work—begins. G.The final stage in publication is making the product available to the public, usually by offering it for sale. Once a book, newspaper, or other publication is printed, the publisher may use a variety of channels to distribute it. Books are most commonly sold through booksellers and other retailers. Newspapers and magazines are typically sold directly by the publisher to subscribers, and then distributed either through the postal system or by newspaper carriers. Periodicals are also frequently sold through newsagents and vending machines.
3. In the text, find 3 types of cover. Explain their difference.
1._______________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________________ 3._______________________________________________________ 4. In your own words explain what is mean by:
Ø unsolicited submission Ø royalty rates Ø house style Ø ancillary materials Ø pre-press proof Ø print run 5. a) Match the following words to make meaningful collocations. Translate the word combinations into Russian.
b) Make up sentences with these collocations. 6. a) Read the text. Substitute the underlined words with the words from the box below.
Electronic publishing includes the digital distribution of e-books and electronic articles, and the development of digital libraries and catalogues. With the appearance of computers electronic publishing on a large scale became popular in scientific publishing. There are many electronic publications such as Encyclopedias accessible on CD and DVD, but electronic publishing is nowadays strongly associated with distribution via the Internet, However, this type of publishing has several disadvantages. Firstly, many websites with real information contain fact mistakes. Besides, most internet users prefer downloading information for free instead of buying it. So, in my view, in order to make Internet a more credible source of information, some legal issues should be agreed upon first. b) Translate the following text into Russian. 7. Match the following words with their definitions.
8. Explain the role of each of these people in the publishing process. Make use of the language from the help box. Ø
Ø literary agent Ø fact checker Ø publisher Ø editor Ø writer Ø copyrighter Ø proofreader
1. Find out all the infinitives in passage A in the text and identify their role in the sentences. 2. Match the beginning of the sentence with its ending using Infinitive constructions. Use the ideas from the text.
3. Translate the infinitives in the box. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the box using the ideas from the text. Pay attention to particle “to” before the infinitives, put it where necessary.
At the final phase publishers begin _____ the work for printing through processes such as typesetting, they should _____ dust jacket composition, also _____ paper quality, _____ of a binding method and proofreading. For standard fiction titles, design must _____ to typography and cover design.As front cover images are produced or chapters are edited, sales people may _____ talking about the book with their customers _____ early interest. As early interest is measured, this information can _____ through the editorial process and may _____ the print run, the formatting of the book and the strategy employed _____ it. 4 .a) Look at these sentences. Do they have the same meaning? Many industry associations publish their own lists of laws because they want to control standards that are used in their particular field.
Many industry associations publish their own lists of laws to control standards that are used in their particular field.
b) Transform the following sentences using the infinitive of purpose. 1. At the final stage publishers make the product available to the public because they want to offer it for sale. 2. The publishers may use a variety of channels because they want to distribute it. 3. Sales people may start talking about the book with their customers because they want to build early interest. 4. Publishers may maintain a house style, and staff will copy edit because they want to ensure that the work matches the style and grammatical requirements of each market. 5. Publishers approve the proofs because they want to begin the physical production of the published work.
5. Complete the sentences using the infinitive of purpose.
1. With the advent of digital information systems and the Internet, the scope of publishing has expanded to _____. 2. Book and magazine publishers spend a lot of their time buying or commissioning copy; newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire their own staff to _____. 3. If the publisher accepts unsolicited manuscripts, then the publisher's readers assess them to identify manuscripts of sufficient quality or revenuepotential to _____. 4. A decision is taken to publish a work, and the technical legal issues resolved, the author may be asked to _____. 5. Publishers may maintain a house style, and staff will copy edit to _____.
6. Match the parts of the sentences using Complex Subject. Translate the sentences.
1. Work in pairs. Student A refers to card 1 and Student B refers to Card 2. Make up a dialogue. Role play the situation.
CARD 1. You are a literary agent of a well-known writer. Discuss with a publisher the royalty rates and ask what will happen to the manuscript afterwards. Explain the necessity to maintain house style. Think of a format of the book. Design the book cover considering the genre of the book.
CARD 2. You are a publisher. Explain to the literary agent the procedure of the manuscript becoming a book on the market. Explain the necessity of editing and fact-checking. Discuss the format of the book. Design the book cover considering the genre of the book.
1. a) Think about the process of book design and brainstorm what activities or components may be included into this stage of publishing.
b) Read the text and add some more ideas to the mind map above.
Book Design Book design is the art of incorporating the content, style, format, design, and sequence of the various components of a book into a coherent unit. It usually consists of the front matter (or preliminaries, the first section of a book), the body matter, the back matter, the binding, the cover, page spread and print space.
The structure of a work (and especially of its body matter) is often described hierarchically: Volumes: A volume is a set of leaves that are bound together. Thus each work is either a volume, or is divided into volumes. Books and parts: A single volume may embody either a part or a book; in some works, parts include multiple books, and in some others books include multiple parts. Chapters and sections: A chapter or section may be contained within a part and/or a book; when both chapters and sections are used in the same work, the sections are more often contained within chapters than the reverse.
The spine is the vertical edge of a book as it normally stands on a bookshelf. It is customary for it to have printed text on it. In texts published and/or printed in the United States, the spine text, when vertical, runs from the top to the bottom, such that it is right side up when the book is lying flat with the front cover on top. In books of Europe, vertical spine text traditionally runs from the bottom up, though this convention has been changing lately. The spine usually contains all, or some, of four elements (besides decoration, if any), and in the following order: (1) author, editor, or compiler; (2) title; (3) publisher; and (4) publisher logo.
The back cover often contains biographical matter about the author or editor, and quotes from other sources praising the book. It may also contain a summary or a blurb of the book.
Books are classified under two categories according to the physical nature of their binding. The hardback refers to books with stiff covers, as opposed to flexible ones. The binding of a hardcover book usually includes boards (often made of paperboard) covered in cloth, leather, or other materials. A less expensive binding method is that used for paperback books. Most paperbacks are bound with paper or light cardboard, though other materials (such as plastic) are used. Some small paperback books are sub-classified as pocketbooks. These paperbacks are smaller than usual - small enough to barely fit into a pocket (especially the back pocket of one's trousers).
The possible layout of the sets of letters of the alphabet, or words, on a page is determined by the so-called print space, and is also an element in the design of the page of the book. Clearly, there must be sufficient space, at the spine of the book, if the text is to be visible. On the other hand, the other three margins of the page, which frame the book, are made of the appropriate size for both practical and aesthetic reasons. The print space is a typographic term and determines the effective area on the paper of a book, journal or other press work. The print space is limited by the surrounding borders, or in other words the gutters outside the printed area. 2. Work in pairs. Define if the following sections are usually incorporated into the front or the back matter. Identify the voice (author, publisher, reviewer or character). State its main purpose. Fill in the table below.
3. In the following sentences, substitute the words in bold with the words in bold from the text. Change the word form where necessary. a) In a dust jacket composition a hard cover is coated with soft material. b) The whole contents of the book, text and graphics, should fit into the borderline of the page. c) It is common for the cover to include illustrations that are right for the contents and style of the book. d) Usually all compliments to the book are contained in the back matter, but this practice can be changed. e) Introduction is supposed to build early interest, so the information should be conveyed in a logical way.
1. Report the following sentences. Consult the help boxes.
a) The publisher gives the editor some comments.
2. “The hardback refers to books with stiff covers” 3. “A single volume may embody either a part or a book.” 4. “There must be sufficient space, at the spine of the book, if the text is to be visible.” 5. “The design of each individual page is governed by the canons of page construction.”
b) The editor is asking the publisher some questions.
2. “What are the margins of the page?” 3. “Can you suggest the most suitable cover for a detective story?” 4. “Is it better to use a flexible cover?” 5. “Could you point out the advantages of a dust jacket?”
c) The publisher gives instructions to the employees.
2. “Give some comments on the genre of the book, please.” 3. “Help me, Tom.” 4. “Please, discuss the cover with the literary agent.” 5. “Don’t do the fact checking.”
1. “It’s really economical!” 2. “What an efficient strategic plan!” 3. “He is a really good specialist!” 4. “What a far-reaching effect it has!” 5. “I’ve never had such a useful business trip!”
1. Work in groups of 3-4 people. Take any book you like and make the analysis of its elements and design. Make a presentation to the rest of the group. You may be speaking about the following: ü the content ü ü the format ü the cover ü the front/back matter ü chapters/sections ü the spine ü the blurb
2. Imagine that you are the owner of a modern publishing house and you have to write a business proposal letter to Dolly Wong, a famous writer of romantic novels. Your letter should include a general overview of your warehouse, describe the facilities you have to attract potential customers, give the cost of your services per some period of time.
TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Security printing Security printing is the field of the printing industry that deals with the printing of items such as banknotes, passports, tamper-evident labels, stock certificates, postage stamps and identity cards. The main goal of security printing is to prevent forgery, tampering, or counterfeiting.
Most banknotes are made of heavy paper, almost always from cotton fibres for strength and durability, in some cases linen or specially coloured or forensic fibres are added to give the paper added individuality and protect against counterfeiting. Some countries including Romania, Mexico, New Zealand, Israel, Singapore and Australia produce banknotes made from polymer, in order to improve wear and tear, and permit the inclusion of a small transparent window a few millimeters in size as a security feature that is very difficult to reproduce using common counterfeiting techniques.
A watermark is a recognizable image or pattern in paper that appears lighter or darker than surrounding paper when viewed with a light from behind the paper, due to paper density variations. A watermark is made by impressing a water coated metal stamp or dandy roll onto the paper during manufacturing. Watermarks were first introduced in Bologna, Italy in 1282; as well as their use in security printing, they have also been used by papermakers to identify their product.
Intaglio is a printing technique in which the image is incised into a surface. Normally, copper or zinc plates are used, and the incisions are created by etching or engraving the image, but one may also use mezzotint. In printing, the surface is covered in ink, and then rubbed vigorously with tarlatan cloth or newspaper to remove the ink from the surface, leaving it in the incisions. A damp piece of paper is placed on top, and the plate and paper are run through a printing press that, through pressure, transfers the ink to the paper.
Color changing inks are chemicals that change color when viewed at a different angle. The color of the ink does not actually change, but the angle of the light to the viewer's eye changes and thus creates the change in color. Currently there are only three types, green to purple, gold to green and green to lilac.
Modern commercial binding There are various commercial techniques in use today. Commercially-produced books today tend to be of one of four categories:
Hardcover binding A hardcover, hardbound book has rigid covers and is stitched in the spine. When the book is opened in the middle of a signature, the binding threads are visible. Unusually large and heavy books are sometimes bound with wire or cable. Until the mid-20th century, those of mass-produced books were covered in cloth, but from that period onwards, most publishers adopted clothette, a kind of textured paper which vaguely resembles cloth but is easily differentiated on close inspection. The covers of modern hardback books are made of thick cardboard. A variation of the hardcover which is more durable is the calf-binding, where the cover is either half or fully clad in leather, usually from a calf. This is also called full-bound or, simply, leather bound.
Punch and Bind Different types of the punch and bind binding include: Double wire binding or Twin loop binding is the type of binding that involves the use of a "C" shaped wire spine that is squeezed into a round shape using a wire closing device. Comb Binding uses a curled plastic "comb" fed through the slits to hold the sheets together. Comb binding allows a book to be disassembled and reassembled by hand without damage. VeloBind is used to permanently rivet pages together using a plastic strip on the front and back of the document. VeloBind provides a more permanent bind than comb-binding, but is primarily used for business and legal presentations and small publications. Spiral binding is the most economical form of mechanical binding when using plastic or metal. It is commonly used for atlases and other publications where it is necessary or desirable to be able to open the publication back on itself without breaking the spine.
Thermally activated binding Thermal Binding uses a one piece cover with a strong flexible glue down the spine to quickly and easily bind documents without the need for punching. Paperback or soft cover books are also normally bound using thermally activated binding. Unibind is a variety of thermal binding that uses a special steel channel with resin rather than glue inside of it to give it a more sturdy bind to hold the pages in place.
Stitched or Sewn Binding A sewn book is constructed in the same way as a hardbound book, except that it lacks the hard covers. Stapling through the centerfold, also called saddle-stitching, joins a set of nested folios into a single magazine issue.
Bindery Bindery refers to a studio, workshop or factory where sheets of (usually) paper are fastened together to make books, but also where gold and other decorative elements are added to the exterior of books, where boxes or slipcases for books are made and where the restoration of books is carried out.
A large traditional hand bookbinding studio or workshop may be divided into areas for different tasks such as sewing, rounding and backing the spine, attaching the boards to the book and covering the book with cloth or leather. These processes are collectively called forwarding and would be carried out in the forwarding department. This area of the bindery would typically have equipment such as sewing frames, guillotines, board choppers for cutting boards used as covers, laying presses for holding books when being worked on and nipping presses for flattening paper, board, etc.
The process of decorating or titling a book with gold or other metals, and/or different colored pieces of leather, is called finishing and is carried out in the finishing room or department. In a hand bookbindery this area would house the dozens or hundreds of brass hand tools that are used to impress gold patterns and figures onto leather one at a time, as well as the finishing stoves needed to heat these tools. In a more modern or commercial bindery, many decorative elements or letters are stamped onto a book's cover or case at the same time by use of a hot press.
Modern, commercial, bookbinding outfits range in size from the local "copy shop" book binder, using techniques such as coil binding, comb binding and velo binding to factories producing tens of thousands of volumes a day using such processes as perfect binding. The term, bindery, especially in copy and print shops, has expanded to include other forms of paper finishing, such as paper drilling, lamination, and foamcore mounting.
Electrotyping Electrotyping is an application of the art of electroplating to typography, used for making duplicate plates for relief printing (letterpress). In copying engraved plates for printing purposes, copper may be deposited upon the original plate, the surface of which is first rendered slightly dirty, by means of a weak solution of wax in turpentine or otherwise, to prevent adhesion. The reversed plate thus produced is then stripped from the first and used as cathode in its turn, with the result that even the finest lines of the original are faithfully reproduced. The electrolyte commonly contains about 1.5 lb (0.68 kg) of copper sulfate and 2 lb (0.91 kg) of strong sulfuric acid per gallon, and is worked with a current density of about 10 amperes per sq. ft., which should give a thickness of 0.000563 in. of copper per hour.
Moulds for reproducing plates or art-work are often taken in plaster, beeswax mixed with Venice turpentine, fusible metal, or gutta-percha, and the surface being rendered conductive by powdered graphite, copper is deposited upon it evenly throughout. For statuary, and "undercut" work generally, an elastic mould of glue and treacle (80:20 parts) may be used; the mould, when set, is waterproofed by immersion in a solution of potassium bichromate followed by exposure to sunlight, or in some other way. The best results, however, are obtained by taking a wax cast from the elastic mould, and then from this a plaster mould, which may be waterproofed with wax, black-leaded, and used as cathode. In art-work of this nature the principal points to be looked to in depositing are the electrical connections to the cathode, the shape of the anode (to secure uniformity of deposition), the circulation of the electrolyte, and, in some cases, the means for escape of anode oxygen. Silver electrotyping is occasionally resorted to for special purposes.
Flexography Flexography (often abbreviated to flexo) is a form of printing process which utilizes a flexible relief plate. It is basically an updated version of letterpress that can be used for printing on almost any type of substrate including plastic, metallic films, cellophane, and paper. It is widely used for printing on the non-porous substrates required for various types of food packaging (it is also well suited for printing large areas of solid color.
The first method of plate development uses light-sensitive polymer. A film negative is placed over the plate, which is exposed to ultra-violet light. The polymer hardens where light passes through the film. The remaining polymer has the consistency of chewed gum. It is washed away in a tank of either water or solvent. Brushes scrub the plate to facilitate the "washout" process. The process can differ depending on whether solid sheets of photopolymer or liquid photopolymer are used, but the principle is still the same. The second method used a computer-guided laser to etch the image onto the printing plate. Such a direct laser engraving process is called digital platemaking. The third method is to go through a molding process. The first step is to create a metal plate out of the negative of our initial image through an exposition process (followed by an acid bath). This metal plate in relief is then used in the second step to create the mold that could be in bakelite board or even glass or plastic, through a first molding process. Once cooled, this master mold will press the rubber or plastic compound (under both controlled temperature and pressure) through a second molding process to create the printing plate.
A flexographic print is made by creating a positive mirrored master of the required image as a 3D relief in a rubber or polymer material. Flexographic plates can be created with analog and digital platemaking processes. The image areas are raised above the non image areas on the rubber or polymer plate. The ink is transferred from the ink roll which is partially immerged in the ink tank. Then it transfers to the anilox roll (or meter roll) whose texture holds a specific amount of ink since it's covered with thousands of small wells or cups that enable it to meter ink to the printing plate in a uniform thickness evenly and quickly (the number of cells per linear inch can vary according to the type of print job and the quality required).[4] To avoid getting a final product with a smudgy or lumpy look, it must be ensured that the amount of ink on the printing plate is not excessive. This is achieved by using a scraper, called a doctor blade. The doctor blade removes excess ink from the anilox roller before inking the printing plate. The substrate is finally sandwiched between the plate and the impression cylinder to transfer the image.
The nature and demands of the printing process and the application of the printed product determine the fundamental properties required of flexographic inks. Measuring the physical properties of inks and understanding how these are affected by the choice of ingredients is a large part of ink technology. Formulation of inks requires a detailed knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the raw materials composing the inks, and how these ingredients affect or react with each other as well as with the environment. Flexographic printing inks are primarily formulated to remain compatible with the wide variety of substrates used in the process. Each formulation component individually fulfills a special function and the proportion and composition will vary according to the substrate.
There are five types of inks that can be used in flexography: Solvent-based Inks, Water-based Inks, EB (Electron Beam) curing inks, UV(ultraviolet) Curing Inks and two part chemically curing inks (usually based on polyurethane isocyanate reactions), although these are uncommon at the moment. Water based flexo inks with particle sizes below 5 µm may cause problems when deinking recycled paper.
Typography Typography is the art and technique of arranging type, type design, and modifying type glyphs. Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety of illustration techniques. The arrangement of type involves the selection of typefaces, point size, line length, leading (line spacing), adjusting the spaces between groups of letters (tracking) and adjusting the space between pairs of letters (kerning).
Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic designers, art directors, comic book artists, graffiti artists, and clerical workers. Until the Digital Age, typography was a specialized occupation. Digitization opened up typography to new generations of visual designers and lay users.
In contemporary use, the practice and study of typography is very broad, covering all aspects of letter design and application. These include: typesetting and type design ü handwriting and calligraphy ü graffiti ü inscriptional and architectural lettering ü poster design and other large scale lettering such as signage and billboards ü business communications and promotional collateral ü advertising ü wordmarks and typographic logos (logotypes) ü apparel (clothing) ü labels on maps ü vehicle instrument panels ü kinetic typography in motion picture films and television ü as a component of industrial design—type on household appliances, pens and wristwatches, for example ü as a component in modern poetry (see, for example, the poetry of E. E. Cummings)
Since digitization, typography has spread to a wider ranger of applications, appearing on web pages, LCD mobile phone screens, and hand-held video games. The ubiquity of type has led typographers to coin the phrase "Type is everywhere".
Traditional typography follows four principles: repetition, contrast, proximity, and alignment.
In traditional typography, text is composed to create a readable, coherent, and visually satisfying whole that works invisibly, without the awareness of the reader. Even distribution of typeset material, with a minimum of distractions and anomalies, is aimed at producing clarity and transparency.
Choice of font(s) is the primary aspect of text typography—prose fiction, non-fiction, editorial, educational, religious, scientific, spiritual and commercial writing all have differing characteristics and requirements of appropriate typefaces and fonts. For historic material established text typefaces are frequently chosen according to a scheme of historical genre acquired by a long process of accretion, with considerable overlap between historical periods.
Contemporary books are more likely to be set with state-of-the-art seriffed "text romans" or "book romans" with design values echoing present-day design arts, which are closely based on traditional models such as those of Nicolas Jenson, Francesco Griffo (a punchcutter who created the model for Aldine typefaces), and Claude Garamond. With their more specialized requirements, newspapers and magazines rely on compact, tightly-fitted seriffed text fonts specially designed for the task, which offer maximum flexibility, readability and efficient use of page space. Sans serif text fonts are often used for introductory paragraphs, incidental text and whole short articles. A current fashion is to pair sans-serif type for headings with a high-performance seriffed font of matching style for the text of an article.
Typography is modulated by orthography and linguistics, word structures, word frequencies, morphology, phonetic constructs and linguistic syntax. Typography is also subject to specific cultural conventions. For example, in French it is customary to insert a non-breaking space before a colon (:) or semicolon (;) in a sentence, while in English it is not.
In typography color is the overall density of the ink on the page, determined mainly by the type face and size, the leading, but also by the word spacing and depth of the margins. Text layout, tone or color of set matter, and the interplay of text with white space of the page and other graphic elements combine to impart a "feel" or "resonance" to the subject matter. With printed media typographers are also concerned with binding margins, paper selection and printing methods.
Legibility is primarily the concern of the typeface designer, to ensure that each individual character or glyph is unambiguous and distinguishable from all other characters in the font. Legibility is also in part the concern of the typographer to select a typeface with appropriate clarity of design for the intended use at the intended size. An example of a well-known design, Brush Script, contains a number of illegible letters since many of the characters can be easily misread especially if seen out of textual context.
Readability is primarily the concern of the typographer or information designer. It is the intended result of the complete process of presentation of textual material in order to communicate meaning as unambiguously as possible. A reader should be assisted in navigating around the information with ease, by optimal inter-letter, inter-word and particularly inter-line spacing, coupled with appropriate line length and position on the page, careful editorial “chunking” and choice of the text architecture of titles, folios, and reference links.
Readability can also be compromised by letter-spacing, word spacing, or leading that is too tight or too loose. It can be improved when generous vertical space separates lines of text, making it easier for the eye to distinguish one line from the next, or previous line. Poorly designed fonts and those that are too tightly or loosely fitted can also result in poor legibility.
Typography is an element of all printed material. Periodical publications, especially newspapers and magazines, use typographical elements to achieve an attractive, distinctive appearance, to aid readers in navigating the publication, and in some cases for dramatic effect. By formulating a style guide, a periodical standardizes on a relatively small collection of typefaces, each used for specific elements within the publication, and makes consistent use of type sizes, italic, boldface, large and small capital letters, colors, and other typographic features. Some publications, such as The Guardian and The Economist, go so far as to commission a type designer to create bespoke (custom tailored) typefaces for their exclusive use.
Different periodical publications design their publications, including their typography, to achieve a particular tone or style. For example, USA Today uses a bold, colorful, and comparatively modern style through their use of a variety of typefaces and colors; type sizes vary widely, and the newspaper's name is placed on a colored background. In contrast, The New York Times uses a more traditional approach, with fewer colors, less typeface variation, and more columns.
Especially on the front page of newspapers and on magazine covers, headlines are often set in larger display typefaces to attract attention, and are placed near the masthead.
Library In a traditional sense, a library is a large collection of books, and can refer to the place in which the collection is housed. Today, the term can refer to any collection, including digital sources, resources, and services. The collections can be of print, audio, and visual materials in numerous formats, including maps, prints, documents, microform (microfilm/microfiche), CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, video games, e-books, audiobooks and many other electronic resources.
The places where this material is stored can range from public libraries, subscription libraries, private libraries, and can also be in digital form, stored on computers or accessible over the internet. The term has acquired a secondary meaning: "a collection of useful material for common use." This sense is used in fields such as computer science, mathematics, statistics, electronics and biology.
A library is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, a corporation, or a private individual. Public and institutional collections and services may be intended for use by people who choose not to — or cannot afford to — purchase an extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assistance with their research. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of librarians who are experts at finding and organizing information and at interpreting information needs. Libraries often provide a place of silence for studying, and they also often offer common areas to accommodate for group study and collaboration. Libraries often provide public facilities to access to their electronic resources and the Internet. Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources. They are extending services beyond the physical walls of a building, by providing material accessible by electronic means, and by providing the assistance of librarians in navigating and analyzing tremendous amounts of information with a variety of digital tools.
Libraries have materials arranged in a specified order according to a library classification system, so that items may be located quickly and collections may be browsed efficiently. Some libraries have additional galleries beyond the public ones, where reference materials are stored. These reference stacks may be open to selected members of the public. Others require patrons to submit a "stack request," which is a request for an assistant to retrieve the material from the closed stacks.
Basic tasks in library management include the planning of acquisitions (which materials the library should acquire, by purchase or otherwise), library classification of acquired materials, preservation of materials (especially rare and fragile archival materials such as manuscripts), the deaccessioning of materials, patron borrowing of materials, and developing and administering library computer systems. More long-term issues include the planning of the construction of new libraries or extensions to existing ones, and the development and implementation of outreach services and reading-enhancement services (such as adult literacy and children's programming).
In recent years, there has been increasing use of the Internet to gather and retrieve data. The shift to digital libraries has greatly impacted the way people use of physical libraries. Between 2002 and 2004, the average American academic library saw the overall number of transactions decline approximately 2.2%. Libraries are trying to keep up with the digital world and the new generation of students that are used to having information just one click away. For example, The University of California Library System saw a 54% decline in circulation between 1991 to 2001 of 8,377,000 books to 3,832,000.
In the mid 2000s Swedish company Distec invented a library book vending machine known as the GoLibrary, that offers library books to people where there is no branch, limited hours, or high traffic locations such as El Cerrito del Norte BART station in California.
Учебное издание В.И. Стычкова, Г.В. Сергеева АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ИНСТИТУТА ПЕЧАТИ:
Методические указания Редактор Доверстка Подписано в печать . Формат 60х84 1/16 Бумага офсетная. Печать офсетная. Печ. л. Тираж экз. Заказ Самарский государственный аэрокосмический университет. 443086, Самара, Московское шоссе, 34. ______________________________________ Изд-во Самарского государственного аэрокосмического университета. 443086, Самара, Московское шоссе, 34. |
The subject/topic of the text is…
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A.Book and magazine publishers spend a lot of their time buying or commissioning copy; newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire their own staff to produce copy, although they may also employ freelance journalists, called stringers. Writers first submit a query letter directly to a literary agent or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions. If the publisher accepts unsolicited manuscripts, then the publisher's readers assess them to identify manuscripts of sufficient quality or revenuepotential to be referred to acquisition editors for review. The acquisition editors send their choices to the editorial staff. Many book publishing companies around the world maintain a strict "no unsolicited submissions" policy and will only accept submissions via a literary agent. Established authors are often represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts.
D.When a final text is agreed upon, the next phase begins - to prepare the work for printing through processes such as typesetting, dust jacket composition, specification of paper quality, binding method, and proofreading. For standard fiction titles, design is usually restricted to typography and cover design. For books containing illustrations or images, design takes on a much larger role in laying out how the page looks, how chapters begin and end, colours, typography, cover design and ancillary materials such as posters, catalogue images and other sales materials.
rammar
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The front cover is the front of the book, and is marked appropriately, by text and/or graphics, in order to identify it as such, namely as the very beginning of the book. The front cover usually contains at least the title and/or author, with possibly an appropriate illustration.
A basic unit in book design is the page spread. The left page (called verso) and right page (called recto) are of the same size and aspect ratio, and are centered on the gutter where they are bound together at the spine. The design of each individual page, on the other hand, is governed by the canons of page construction.
the style
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