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| Exercise 1 Read the following sentences according to given prompts paying attention to intonation 12
Introduction Theme:«Phonetics as a branch of linguistics». Students will: 1. Be able to identify Phonetics as a branch of linguistics; 2. Consider the connection of Phonetics with other linguistic disciplines such as Grammar, Lexicology, and Stylistics; 3. Take general information about branches of Phonetics: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics. 4. Practice the activities related to the topic. Warm-up Task: Ask Ss about the importance of Phonetics for studying English Presentation Phonetics is a branch of linguistics, like the other branches, such as lexicology and grammar. Lexicology studies the vocabulary of language, the origin and development of words, their meaning and word-building. Grammar (divided into morphology and syntax) studies the regularities in modification of words and in combination of words into sentences. The term phonetics comes from the Greek word φωνή (phõnē) meaning sound, voice. It is rather difficult to give an exact and precise definition of the term. The oldest, and the most concise definition is that phonetics is a science of speech sounds. The definition is rather loose partly because it has very little consideration of the meaningful and functional aspects of speech sounds, partly because speech sounds are also studied in acoustics and physiology. A little bit better is the definition of phonetics as “the science of speech sounds considered as elements of language…” (Webster's Dictionary, cit. by Vassilyev, 1970 : 7). The definition does not take into account that phonetics also studies stress, syllable, intonation. Phonetics also studies the relation between written and spoken language and is connected with other linguistic disciplines such as grammar, lexicology, stylistics and others. Phonetics is connected with grammar through the system of rules of reading, which make it possible to pronounce correctly the past tense forms of regular verbs, the singular and plural forms of nouns, and etc. Please consider the examples: 1) the differences in pronunciation of morpheme - ed after voiced and voiceless consonants in past forms of verbs: [d] after voiced consonant beg – begged, live-lived, inform-informed, open-opened [t] after voiceless consonants stop – stopped; knock – knocked, help-helped, finish-finished 2) the differences in pronunciation of root consonants observed in singular and plural forms of nouns: leaf – leaves, house – houses, box-boxes, judge-judges, hero-heroes 3) the vowel interchanges helping to distinguish the singular and plural forms of nouns and the tense forms of irregular verbs: Nouns basis [‘beisis]– bases [‘beisi:z] crisis [‘kraisis] – crises [‘kraisi:z] goose [gu:s] – geese [gi:s] Verbs write – wrote - written ride – rode – ridden drive-drove-driven Practice tasks Exercise 1.Write the plural forms of these words and transcribe them. Prove that Phonetics is connected with Grammar. witch judge half wife mistress glass crash knife self wolf fox calf leaf safe actress gas elf life thief hostess Exercise 2. Write the three forms of these verbs and transcribe them. Prove that phonetics is connected with grammar. open rain depend travel wait pack work permit expect ask rest invent discuss look wrap Presentation Phonetics is also connected with lexicology, since the presence of stress in the right place helps to distinguish nouns/adjectives from verbs. Homographs may also be differentiated only by pronunciation, because they are identical in spelling. Please consider the examples: Nouns – verbs an 'accent – to ac'cent a 'desert – to de'sert an 'object – to ob'ject Adjectives – verbs 'separate – to sepa'rate 'predicate – to predi'cate graduate – to graduate Homographs row [rau] – row [rəu] lead [li:d] – lead [led] wind [wInd] – wind [waInd] Practice task Exercise 1. Transcribe these words. Underline the interchanging vowels and consonants in the corresponding parts of speech. nation—national grave—gravity provoke—provocative an excuse—to excuse close—to close advice—to advise use—to use a house—to house a device—to devise occur—occurrence loose—to lose Exercise 7.Transcribe, read and translate these pairs of words, Single out the sounds that differentiate the meaning of the words. still—steel sell—sale model—modal saw—so Polish—polish guard—guide worth—worse suit—suite patrol—petrol mayor—major rout—route Presentation Stylistics is another linguistic discipline phonetics is connected with through intonation, speech-melody, rhythm and word stress. Regular repetition of stressed and unstressed words gives a rhythmic coloring to the English sentence. Logically accented words in a sentence help us to give special prominence to a sentence, and speed of delivery helps to differentiate formal and informal styles which express different emotions and attitudes of the speaker. Also intonation which possesses definite phonetic features helps to distinguish various types of utterances, e.g. (see Leontyeva, 1980 : 7-9): He 'went to his \office – a statement of fact. He 'went to his /office – a question. ↓He went to his \/office – an implication (surprise, correction). In poetic poetry of speech such stylistic deviсe as sound parallelism is widely known. This term means repetition of final sounds. It is a rhyme repetition of final sounds of a syllable: trees-breeze; alliteration – repetition of separate vowel sounds: great-fail. Sound symbolism is widely used in word formation, conditionally transmitting natural sounds or shouts of animals: to hiss, to bang, to bow-wow, to mew. These phenomena are called in linguistics as onomatopoeia. Practice task Exercise 1 Read the following sentences according to given prompts paying attention to intonation Jane 'left Moscow on \Sunday– a statement of fact. Jane 'left Moscow on /Sunday – a question. ↓Jane left Moscow on \/Sunday – an implication (surprise, correction). Exercise 2 Read these rhymes. State what sounds are used to produce the effect of alliteration and for what purpose. (a) She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore; So if she sells sea-shells on the sea-shore, Then I'm sure she sells sea-shore shells. Well swum swan.
Exercise 2 Read the rhyme. Transcribe the words ased to imitate the sounds made by different animals. State the stylistic device formed by this phonetic means. Grunt, grunt, goes the hog; Tu-whu, says the owl; Caw, caw, says the crow; Quack, quack, says the duck; Presentation Phonetics has three branches: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics. Articulatory phonetics is the study of the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds. Articulatory phonetics is the branch of phonetics “which is concerned with the study, description and classification of speech sounds as regards their production by the human speech apparatus” (Vassilyev, 1970 : 10). It is the most productive, developed and the oldest branch of phonetics. “From the articulatory point of view every speech sound is a complex of definite, finely coordinated and differentiated movements and positions of the speech organs” (op. cit.). Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics is the branch of phonetics that studies the physics of the air vibrating between the mouth of the speaker and the ear of the hearer and producing sound waves of different character and acoustic effect, i.e. different speech sounds. “From acoustic point of view, a speech sound, like any other sound in nature, is a physical phenomenon, a kind of moving matter and energy” (Vassilyiev, 1970 : 12). Auditory phonetics is the study of the way people perceive speech sounds. Auditory phonetics is the branch of phonetics which main concern is the investigation of the hearing process. At present time it mainly deals with the brain activity rather than with the physiological process of signal delivery and transfer through the nervous system of the hearer. 10. Practice task: Answer the questions: 1. How many branches in Phonetics? 2. Give the definition of articulatory phonetics. 3. Give the definition of acoustic phonetics. 4. Give the definition of auditory phonetics. Wrap up H/task:Exercises related to the topic of the lecture 12 |
