 ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОЕ Сила воли ведет к действию, а позитивные действия формируют позитивное отношение Как определить диапазон голоса - ваш вокал Игровые автоматы с быстрым выводом Как самому избавиться от обидчивости Противоречивые взгляды на качества, присущие мужчинам Вкуснейший "Салат из свеклы с чесноком" Натюрморт и его изобразительные возможности Применение, как принимать мумие? Мумие для волос, лица, при переломах, при кровотечении и т.д. Как научиться брать на себя ответственность Зачем нужны границы в отношениях с детьми? Световозвращающие элементы на детской одежде Как победить свой возраст? Восемь уникальных способов, которые помогут достичь долголетия Классификация ожирения по ИМТ (ВОЗ) Глава 3. Завет мужчины с женщиной
Оси и плоскости тела человека - Тело человека состоит из определенных топографических частей и участков, в которых расположены органы, мышцы, сосуды, нервы и т.д.
| Beginning of Britain's Struggle with Spain
With the appearance of factories British exports to other countries increased. British shipping developed rapidly. The merchants carried cloth, coal and fish in their ships to European countries and colonies. Spain which had the biggest colonies, was Britain's main rival in sea trade. The Spanish government forbade foreign merchants to trade with Spanish colonies. But they ignored the prohibition, and British pirates pillaged the Spanish coast and made daring expeditions1 to the shores of America. Spanish ships carrying gold and silver from America often became the pirates’ prey2. Special merchants’ companies were formed in Britain to organize pirate expeditions against the Spaniards. Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) patronized trade and navigation. A big fleet was built during her reign. The Queen secretly supported the pirates and received part of their booty. The most successful of the pirates became admirals in the Royal Navy. Spain began to prepare for an invasion of Britain. A huge fleet of 130 ships sailed to Britain with 20,000 soldiers aboard. They were to land in the mouth of the Thames. Confident of their victory, the Spaniards called their fleet the «Invincible Armada». In 1588 British troops attacked the Spanish fleet in the English Channel. There were sea battles for two weeks. The light and speedy British vessels, manned by experienced sailors, fired at the enemy fleet at long range, and damaged, burnt and sank many ships. The Spaniards suffered heavy losses. Their fleet was driven into the North Sea, and they tried to sail home round Scotland. Only a few ships reached home. The defeat of the «Invincible3 Armada» undermined Spain’s naval power, while Britain gradually came to dominate the sea and became a strong sea power. Notes: 1 daring expeditions – зд. дерзкие экспедиции 2 prey – добыча 3 invincible – непобедимый II. Answer the questions:
1. What country was Britain’s main rival in the sea trade? Why were special merchants’ companies formed in Britain? 2. Queen Elizabeth I patronized trade and navigation, didn’t she? 3. Where did British troops attack the Spanish fleet in 1588? 4. What undermined Spain's naval power?
III. Put different types of questions to the text.
IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 1. The history of mankind (to begin) with the primitive community.
V. Underline the verbs in the Passive voice. Translate the sentences into Belarusian/Russian. 1. The natives of this area were treated as mere tillers of the land. 2. For a long time the land had been cultivated by serfs and villains. 3. The villains were forced to work very hard for little pay if any. 4. In England the old feudal aristocracy replaced by a new landed aristocracy. 5. The dialogue was carried on in Anglo-Saxon which was spoken by the inferior classes.
VI. Rewrite the following sentences in the Passive. 1. Pompey felt that they would make him commander of the troops of the Republic. 2. A fresh confiscation of lands followed the completion of the Norman conquest. 3. In the Homeric Age the nobility was concentrating great wealth. 4. The English knights had brutally killed old men and innocent population. 5. A general transformation of feudalism marked the Thirteenth Century.
VII. Underline verbals (infinitive, gerund, participle I, II) in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Belarusian/Russian. 1. The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to become highly industrialized. 2. To protect themselves from robbers, the merchants united into groups. 3. They were sorry to have suffered heavy losses. 4. To examine these classes separately will be the best way to outline the social history of this period. 5. The Tower which was built by William was used as a prison for many years.
VIII. Underline and identify the type of verbal construction in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Belarusian/Russian. 1. The Romans were supposed to march to Llyn-din (now London) when they had repulsed all the attacks. 2. Parliament refused to consider the Charter being used by many people. 3. Under feudalism, power belonged to the feudal lords being headed by the Monarch. 4. There are a lot of historical novels telling us about the events of the past. 5. The Egyptians were the first to make paper from papyrus.
UNIT III FROM THE HISTORY OF SLAVS Section I. WORD LIST Index ancestor ['xnsIstq] n предок A, T2 ancient['eInS(q)nt] а древнийT2 attack [q'txk] v нападать T2 basin [beisn] n бассейн (реки, моря) A battle ['bxtl] n битва, сражение D, T2 bishop [bISqр] n епископ B booty ['bHtI] n награбленное добро, добыча A campaign [kxm'peIn] n кампания, военный поход A cattle ['kxtl] n скот A chief [Ci:f] n вождь A Christian ['krIstjqn] n христианин B the Christian faith христианство B chronicle ['krOnikl] n летопись A, C confluence ['kOnflHqns] n слияниe T1 cross [krOs] v пересекать B cultivate ['kAltIveIt] v возделывать, обрабатывать A defeat [dI'fJt] n поражение D, T1 defend [dJ'fend] v защищать T1 divide [dI'vaId] v делить A elder ['eldq] n старейшина A epoch ['JpOk] n эпоха T2 glacial epoch ледниковый период T2 era ['Iqrq] n эра, эпоха, век T2 execute ['eksIkjHt] v казнить T2 feudal ['fjHdql] а феодальный B fief ['fJf] n феод T1 fortress ['fLtrIs] n крепость B fraternal [frq'tWnl] а братский A herd [hWd] n стадо T1 hunt [hAnt] v охотиться A immemorial [ImI'mOrIql] а незапамятный A from time immemorial с незапамятных времен A inequality [InI(:)'kwOlItI] n неравенство A invader [In'veIdq] n завоеватель B, T1 knight [naIt] n рыцарь T2 noble ['noubl] n дворянин D offensive [q'fensIv] n наступление B onslaught ['OnslLt] n атака, штурм, нападение B principality ["prInsI'pxlItI] n княжество C, D, T1 rebellion [rI'beljn] n восстание B restore [rI'stL] v восстанавливать T2 seize [sJz] v захватывать A separate ['seprIt] а отдельный B settle ['setl] v селиться A, C supersede [sju:pW'sJd ] v вытеснять,заменять A surrender [sq'rendq] v сдаваться T1 troops [tru:ps] n pl войска A, B wage a war вести войну B warrior ['wOrIq] n poetic, воин T1 withstand [wiD'stxnd] v противостоять; сопротивляться B yoke [jouk] n иго T1, T2
SectionII. READING MATERIAL
TEXT A. The Slavic Tribes in the 4th-7th Centuries Task: read the text and do the tasks that follow. Slavic tribes lived in Central and Eastern Europe, to the east of the Germanic tribes during many centuries. In the 6th century they occupied vast territories stretching from the river Labe (the Slavic name for the Elbe) to the upper reaches of the Volga and the Don, and from the Baltic Sea to the Danube and the Black Sea. Land cultivation was the Slavs' main occupation from time immemorial. They also bred cattle, went hunting and gathered the honey of wild bees. The Slavs lived in settlements surrounded with wooden stockades, earth banks and moats. In ancient times the Slavs lived in clans united into tribes. As was the case with Germanic tribes, the Slavs’ tribal communities were superseded by neighbours’ communities. Then some of the community members grew rich and the best land fell into the hands of the elders and military chiefs. A Slavic military chief was called a kniaz. In wartime the princes and their troops seized most of the booty and grew rich. The frequent campaigns forced the ordinary members of the community to go away from their farms for many weeks at a time. As a result they grew poorer and poorer and eventually became destitute. Inside clans and tribes inequality appeared and grew more and more marked, rich nobility began to be formed. There is no consensus among scholars as to the homeland of the Slavs. By the 7th century the Slavic tribes had split linguistically into Eastern, Western and Southern branches. The East Slavs lived to the east of the rivers Vistula and Dniester. The East Slavic tribes of the Draulyanye, the Dryhavichy, the Duleby, the Krivichy, the Radimichy, the Polochanye together with the South Slavic tribe of the Masovians and the Baltic tribe of the Yatwiags are considered to be the ancestors of the Belarusian people. The proto-Ukraninian tribes include the Volhynianye, the Draulyanye, the Polyanye, the Siveryanye the Ulychy and others. The modern Russians were formed by the Vyatichy, the Ilmen Slavs, the Severyanye and other East and South Slavic tribes. Some of the Slavic tribes settled in the Balkan Peninsula in the 7th century. They founded the South Slavic nations: the Bulgarians, the Serbians and the Croatians. EXERCISES Ex. 1. Pronounce the international words correctly. Mind the stress. 'cultivate occu'pation re'sult 'territory 'military 'history co'mmunity 'nation cam'paign Ex. 2. Analyse the morphological structure of the following words: V " N
N" A
Ex. 3. Transform as in the models: Model 1: to suppress the revolt – the suppression of the revolt to occupy territories, to cultivate land, to found new nations, to divide riches; Model 2: members of the community – the community members the division of tribes, the basins of rivers, the reaches of the Volga. Ex. 4. Match English and Russian equivalents.
Ex. 5. Choose the right word or word-combination. 1. Slavonic tribes lived to the ... of the Germanic tribes. a) south b) north c) east 2. ... had been the Slavs' main occupation from time immemorial. a) Land cultivation b) Fishing c) Hunting 3. The frequent campaigns forced the ... to go away from their farms. a) elders b) military chiefs c) ordinary members of the community. 4. By the 7th century the Slavic tribes had ... linguistically into three branches. a) settled b) split c) lived
Ex. 6. Complete the sentences. 1. Slavic tribes had lived in Central and Eastern Europe during ... . 2. Land cultivation had been the Slavs’ ... . 3. The Slavs lived in settlements surrounded with ... . 4. The best land fell into the hands of ... . 5. In wartime the princes and their troops seized ... . 6. The frequent campaigns forced the ordinary members of the community to ... . 7. The Eastern Slavs were ancestors of ... .
Ex. 7. Insert the right word. (went, gathered, bred, was called, lived, appeared, seized, settled) 1. The Slavs ... cattle, ... hunting and ... the honey of wild bees. 2. In wartime the princes and their troops ... most of the booty and grew rich. 3. A Slavonic military chief ... a kniaz. 4. The Eastern Slavs ... to the east of the river Dniester. 5. The Western Slavs ... in the basins of the rivers Labe, Oder and Vistula. 6. Inside clans and tribes inequality ... and grew more and more marked.
Ex. 8. Review the following statements and mark them true (T) or false (F). Correct the statements which are false. 1. Slavic tribes lived in Western and Eastern Europe to the north of the Germanic tribes during many centuries. 2. In wartime the princes and their troops seized most of the booty and grew rich. 3. The Slavs bred cattle, went hunting and gathered the honey of wild bees. 4. The West Slavs settled in the Balkan Peninsula in the 7th century. 5. The Western Slavic nations were the Bulgarians, the Serbians and the Croatians. 6. By the 7th century the Slavic tribes had divided up linguistically into Eastern, Western and Southern branches.
Ex. 9. Answer the questions on the text. 1. Where did Slavic tribes live during many centuries? 2. What territories did Slavic tribes occupy in the 6th century? 3. What was the Slavs' main occupation? 4. Who was called a kniaz? 5. What is the homeland of the Slavs? 6. Where did the East Slavs live? 6. What tribes are considered to be the ancestors of present-day Belarusians? 7. What tribes gave rise to the Russian people? 7. What tribes contributed to the formation of the Ukrainian people? 8. Where did the Western Slavs live? Ex. 10. Give a short summary of the text.
TEXT B. The Slavs' Struggle against the German Feudal Lords Task: read the text to find the answers to the questions that follow. In the period of feudalism, one can distinguish four basic waves of German eastward expansion. The first wave occurred in the 9th century, with the struggle of the East Frankish feudal lords against the Great Moravian states and their attack on Posavian and Dalmatian Croatia. In the 10th and early 11th century, the onslaught of the Holy Roman Empire was directed against the Polabian-Baltic Slavs, Bohemia, and Poland. The third wave, which occurred between the second half of the 12th and the early 15th century, involved the subjugation of the Polabian-Baltic Slavs by the princes of Brandenburg and Saxony, the subjugation of the Prussians by the Teutonic Order, the expansion of German feudal lords and merchants, the Catholic Church, the Order of the Brothers of the Sword, and the Livonian Order into the eastern Baltic region, and the seizure of Slovenian territory by the Hapsburgs. The fourth wave of the feudal expansion (16th through 18th centuries) included the formation of the multinational Hapsburg monarchy, which subjugated Bohemia, Slovakia, Hungary, and Croatia, and the expansion to the east of Brandenburg-Prussia, which gained strength steadily from the mid-17th century and seized the lion’s share of the Polish territory as a result of the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, 1793, and 1795. In the intervals between the four basic waves of the eastward expansion of the German feudal lords there were periods of temporary retreat which were largely the result of the heroic resistance of the Polabian-Baltic Slavs and the Polish-German wars of the early 11th century, the Battle on the Ice (1242), the battle of Grunwald (1410), and the Hussite revolutionary movement of the early 15th century. The German expansion was also set back by the 13 Years’ War of 1454-1466 between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order. In the late 18th and early 19th century, another offensive to the east was temporarily interrupted by the events of the Great French Revolution and the wars of revolutionary and Napoleonic France. 1. Who wanted to seize the Slavic lands? 2. When did the first wave of expansion take place? 3. What did the third wave of expansion involve? 4. What happened as a result of the fourth wave of expansion ? 5. What was the result of the heroic resistance of the Polabian-Baltic Slavs? 6. What set back the German expansion of the 15th century?
Text c. The Principality of Polatsk
Task: go through the text and summarise its main points under the following headings: a) Polatsk Principality in the 9‑10th centuries; b) Polatsk under Usiaslau the Magician; c) the decline of the Principality.
The Principality of Polatsk is one the first states on the territory of modern Belarus. It is first mentioned in the chronicles of the 9th century. It was established by the tribal union of the Kryvichy. The power in this state belonged to the vecha, or council of all the citizens of the town and vicinity. All the decisions about war and peace, trade, and internal affairs were made by the vecha. In case of war, the vecha chose a prince for commanding the army. The prince usually also had power over the army in peacetime. In the second half of 10th century Polatsk was governed by its own dynasty the first ruler of which that is mentioned in the history was Rahvalod (? - 978). He struggled against the Kiev prince Vladimir for the influence in the Turau and Smolensk principalities, but lost the war and was killed. Rahvalod’s daughter Rahneda was forced to marry Vladimir after her father’s death. Her grandson prince Usiaslau (1044‑1101) ruled Polatsk at the time it achieved its highest power and wealth. It traded with many neighbouring and remote countries and had developed manufacturing. Usiaslau led the war against the Kiev princes for the control of Pskov and Novgorod – other Slavic principalities. During Usiaslau’s reign, many lands were joined to Polatsk, among them the Minsk, Vitsebsk, Orsha and Slutsk principalities, as well as part of Livonia and other territories. At the time of its greatest extent the principality stretched over large parts of today's northern and central Belarus and a smaller part of today's southeastern Latvia, including (besides Polatsk itself) the following towns: Vitsebsk, Drutsk, Minsk, Izjaslau (now Zaslauye), Lahoisk, Barysau, Brachyslau (now Braslau). Usiaslau was very popular among the people due to his intelligence, courage, and strong character. Many legends and stories about him were created; he was even called “The Magician”. After Usiaslau the Magician, the glory of Polatsk began to diminish. The principality of Polatsk was divided into several smaller principalities which were half-dependent on their more powerful neighbours, mainly Kiev and Novgorod. By the beginning of the 14th century it was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but it preserved its autonomous status until 1504, when the principality was transformed into the Polatsk voivodeship. TEXT D.The Flourishing of the Great Principality of Lithuania
Task: skim the text to find out whyVitaut’s reign is considered to be the period of the highest flourishing of the Great Principality of Lithuania.
In the 13th century, a new state, the Great Principality of Lithuania, started its growth and development on the Belarusian territory. It initially consisted of Belarusians and the Orthodox Baltic tribe, the Yatviags, which later merged with Slavs. At the beginning of the 15th century, in the reign of Vitaut, the Great Principality of Lithuania occupied large territories from the Baltic to the Black Sea, having many neighbouring states as vassals. Vitaut’s reign (1392‑1430) and several decades after it are considered to be the period of the highest flourishing of the Great Principality of Lithuania. The statehood in Lithuania was one of the most liberal in Eastern Europe. The majority of Belarusian cities had their right of self-government, the so-called Magdeburg right, based on elections. The principality had a parliament consisting of two chambers – Soym and Rada, which replaced the vecha. The state language was Belarusian. It was the language of laws, charts, and other official documents. The population belonged to three groups – nobles, merchants and artisans, and peasants. The life of the lower groups of population was generally better than in the Principality of Moscow or Poland. All these conditions attracted people from other countries. As a result, the ethnic composition of the Great Principality of Lithuania was varied. Thus, in addition to Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Samogitians (joined to the principality after 1422), Tatars from the Golden Horde, and Jews from Germany and other countries of Europe also settled there. The liberal policy of Vitaut towards these peoples attracted them – they could feel free to use their language, religion, and traditions.
Project
Get ready to speak about one of the most significant figures in the history of Belarus. Use any sources available.
Section III. LEXICAL-GRAMMAT TESTS
Grammar material to be revised: 1. Verb. Tenses in the Active and Passive Voice. 2. Non-finite Forms of the Verb (Infinitive, Participle I, II, Gerund) and their Constructions. 3. Conditionals. 4. Types of Clauses.
TEST I I. Read and translate the text into Belarusian/Russian. Do the translation in writing. Early history of Minsk The area of today's Minsk was settled by the Early East Slavs in the 9th century AD. The Svislach River valley was the settlement boundary between two Early East Slavic tribes –the Krivichy and the Dryhavichy. By 980, the area was incorporated into the early medieval Principality of Polatsk, one of the earliest East Slavic states alongside with the principalities of Kiev and Novgorod. There is no exact historical record for the date when Minsk was founded. It was first mentioned as Mensk in the Primary Chronicle in 1067. That year the chronicle recorded a bloody battle between the troops of Polatsk and Kiev princes on the banks of the Niamiha River. 1067 is now widely accepted as the founding year of Minsk. The City authorities consider the date of 2 September 1067 to be the exact founding date of the city, though the town (by then fortified by wooden walls) should have existed for some time before it could have been burnt down. Some historians believe that Minsk evolved from an earlier village, which may have been founded as early as the 9th or 10th centuries. The exact origin of the name is unknown but there are several theories. According to one of them the name “Minsk” derives from the name of the river “Menka”. In the early 12th century, the Principality of Polatsk disintegrated into smaller fiefs. The Principality of Minsk was established by one of the Polatsk dynasty princes. In 1129, the Principality of Minsk was annexed by Kiev, the dominant principality of Kievan Rus; however in 1146 the Polatsk dynasty regained control over the principality. By 1150, Minsk rivalled Polatsk as the major city in the former Principality of Polatsk. The princes of Minsk spent years in struggles trying to unite all the lands under the rule of Polatsk.
II. Answer the questions: 1. Who was the territory of today’s Minsk settled by in the 9th century? 2. When was the valley of Svislach river incorporated into the early medieval Principality of Polatsk? 3. When and where was Minsk first mentioned? 4. What is the origin of the name “Minsk”? 5. What is known about the place where the Niamiha metro station is now located?
III. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (Active or Passive). 1. The Principality of Minsk (to establish) by one of the Polatsk dynasty princes. 2. The first Prince of Minsk (to be) Hleb Usiaslavavich who (to die) in 1119. 3. Hleb Usiaslavavich (to expand) the town and (to build) its first stone church. 4. Princes of Minsk and Polatsk (to engage) in years of struggle trying to unite all lands previously under the rule of Polatsk.
IV. Identify the type of clause in the following complex sentences. Translate the sentences into Belarusian/Russian. 1. Some rich and beautiful cities which were built became capitals of separate principalities. 2. Local princes who were rulers of the principalities did not want to obey the Prince of Kiev. 3. The wealth princes possessed was created by the hard work and skill of the peasants and artisans. 4. After the town was rebuilt after the 1067 battle, it was located to the south of Niamiha and Svislach confluence.
V. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets in the following conditional sentences. 1. “If I (to conquer) your country, I should ruin your city to the ground”, said the King. 2. If Russia's first printer Fyodorov (not to work) hard, it would have taken much more time to put out hundreds of copies of first printed books. 3. If you (to study) national art of Belarus you will be able to trace its deep roots to the past.
VI. Underline the infinitive constructions. Translate the sentences into Belarusian/Russian. 1. The first Prince of Minsk named Hleb Usiaslavavich is supposed to have expanded the town and have built its first stone church. 2. One could not hear oneself speak in the battlefield for the great noise. 3. The process of internal unification of the Russian land is known to have taken place simultaneously with the liquidation of the Mongol-Tartar yoke. 4. It was difficult for the people of Belarus to defend their cities.
VII. Underline participle I, II in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Belarusian/Russian. 1. Princes of Minsk and Polatsk were engaged in years of struggle trying to unite all the lands under the rule of Polatsk. 2. Having special hooks they could drag enemy horsemen out of their saddlers. 3. Their life being nomad, the Mongol-Tartars were fine horsemen and archers. 4. Torn and devastated by battles but refusing to admit defeat the Tartar khans turned back. 5. The reconstructed basement of the Church of Virgin Mary is now unearthed and can be found near the Svislach embankment. TEST II I. Read and translate the text into Belarusian/Russian. Do the translation in writing. |
