ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОЕ

Оси и плоскости тела человека - Тело человека состоит из определенных топографических частей и участков, в которых расположены органы, мышцы, сосуды, нервы и т.д.

Отёска стен и прирубка косяков - Когда на доме не достаёт окон и дверей, красивое высокое крыльцо ещё только в воображении, приходится подниматься с улицы в дом по трапу.

Дифференциальные уравнения второго порядка (модель рынка с прогнозируемыми ценами) - В простых моделях рынка спрос и предложение обычно полагают зависящими только от текущей цены на товар.

Main Characteristics of the Sentence.

SYNTACTICAL LEVEL

Stylistic study of the syntax begins with the study of the length and the structure of a sentence. One-word sentences possess a very strong emphatic impact, because the only __________ obtains both the word- and the sentence-stress. The word constituting a sentence also obtains its own sentence-intonation which, too, helps to foreground the content.

Abrupt changesfrom ___________________ to long ones and then back again, create a very strong effect of tension and suspense for they serve to arrange a nervous, uneven, ragged rhythm of the utterance.

Not only the clarity and understandability of the sentence but also its expressiveness depend on the position of clauses, constituting it. So, if a sentence opens with _______________ clause, which is followed by dependent units, such a structure is called loose.

It is less emphatic and is highly characteristic of informal writing and conversation. In Periodic sentences ____________ elements precede the main clause of the sentence, the main idea is delayed until the end of the sentence, thus holding the reader’s interest until the final word.

Balanced sentences are made up of two parts that are roughly _____________ in length, importance, and grammatical structure.

Beyond highlighting specific words and ideas, balance has a deeper significance. It expresses the way of looking at the world and implies a sense of objectivity, control and proportion.

Rhetorical Questionis the peculiar interrogative construction, which semantically remains a_____________ . Itdoes not demand any _________________ but serves to express the emotions of the speaker and also to call the attention of listeners.

The effect of the majority of syntactical stylistic devices depends on 1) the arrangement of the members of the sentence or 2) the completeness of its structure. One of the most prominent places among the SDs dealing with arrangement of members of the sentence decidedly belongs to _______________ is recurrence of the same word, word combination, phrase for two and more times. Repetition is a major rhetorical strategy for producing emphasis, clarity or emotional effect.

According to the place, which the repeated unit occupies in a sentence (utterance), repetition is classified into several types:

1. anaphora: ______________of some successive sentences (clauses) is repeated - _____________ . The main stylistic function of anaphora is not to emphasize the repeated unit but to create the background for the non-repeated unit, which, through its novelty, becomes foregrounded.

2. epiphora: ______________ of successive sentences (clauses) is repeated - _________________. The main function of epiphora is to add stress to the final words of the sentence.

3. framing: ______________ of the sentence is repeated in___________ , thus forming the "frame" for the non-repeated part of the sentence (utterance)- ______________ . The function of framing is to elucidate the notion mentioned in the beginning of the sentence.

4. catch repetition: ____________ of one clause (sentence) is repeated in the beginning of the following one - ___________________ . Specification of the semantics occurs here too, but on a more modest level.

5. chain repetition presents several successive catch repetition - ______________________ . The effect is that of the smoothly developing logical reasoning.

6. ordinary repetition has __________________ in the sentence and the repeated unit occurs in various positions - _________________. Ordinary repetition emphasizes both the logical and the emotional meanings of the reiterated word (phrase).

7. successive repetition is a string of closely following each other reiterated units - __________________ . This is the most emphatic type of repetition, which signifies the peak of emotions of the speaker.

All types of repetition are accompanied by a parallel structure, which may be viewed, as a purely syntactical type of repetition because two or more phrases or clauses are similar in length and grammatical form.It produces a very strong effect, foregrounding at one go logical, rhythmic, emotive and expressive aspects of the utterance.

Reversed parallelism is called chiasmus. It is a crisscross figure of speech in which ____________________ is, in fact, inversion of the first construction. Thus, if the first sentence (clause) has a direct word order - _______, the second one will have it inverted - ______.

Inversion is the practice of changing the conventional placement of words. It is a SD in which ___________________________ is changed either completely so that the predicate (predicative) precedes the subject, or partially so that ____________________ precedes the subject - predicate pair to produce a distinctive effect. Correspondingly, we differentiate between a partialand a complete inversion.

A specific arrangement of sentence members is observed in detachment, a stylistic device based on singling out _____________________ of the sentence with the help of punctuation (intonation). The word-order here is not violated, a detached phrase always remains secondary from the semantic point of view, although structurally it possesses all the features of a primary member because it is detached from the rest of the sentence by commas, dashes or even a full stop.

The second group of syntactical SDs deals with the completeness of sentence-structure. The most prominent place here belongs to ellipsis. It is a deliberate _______________ of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader.

Break is an unfinished thought or broken sentence. It is _________________ in which the speaker or writer breaks off abruptly and leaves the statement incomplete, as if the speaker is not willing to state what is present in his mind due to being overcome by passion, excitement or fear.

Another cause of the break is the desire to cut short the information with which the sentence began. In such cases there are usually special remarks by the author, indicating the intentional abruptness of the end. To mark the break dashes and dots are used.

The arrangement of sentence members and the completeness of sentence structure necessarily involve various types of connection used within the sentence or between sentences. Repeated use of _______________ is called polysyndeton; deliberate __________________ of them is, correspondingly, named asyndeton. Both polysyndeton and asyndeton, have a strong rhythmic impact. The function of polysyndeton is to strengthen the idea of equal logical (emotive) importance of connected sentences, asyndeton, cutting off connecting words, helps to create the effect of terse, energetic, active prose; the idea is presented in a nutshell.