 ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОЕ Сила воли ведет к действию, а позитивные действия формируют позитивное отношение Как определить диапазон голоса - ваш вокал Игровые автоматы с быстрым выводом Как самому избавиться от обидчивости Противоречивые взгляды на качества, присущие мужчинам Вкуснейший "Салат из свеклы с чесноком" Натюрморт и его изобразительные возможности Применение, как принимать мумие? Мумие для волос, лица, при переломах, при кровотечении и т.д. Как научиться брать на себя ответственность Зачем нужны границы в отношениях с детьми? Световозвращающие элементы на детской одежде Как победить свой возраст? Восемь уникальных способов, которые помогут достичь долголетия Классификация ожирения по ИМТ (ВОЗ) Глава 3. Завет мужчины с женщиной
Оси и плоскости тела человека - Тело человека состоит из определенных топографических частей и участков, в которых расположены органы, мышцы, сосуды, нервы и т.д.
| Perfect Participle Passive
Present Participle Active have read, having read, reading, being read; being opened, the opening, to open, opening; having asked, asked, asking, being asked, having been asked; telling, being told, having been told, having told.
Past Participle Passive bringing, bring, brought, shall bring; checked, checking, checks, is checking; buy, being bought, buying, bought, will buy; submitting, is submitting, submitted, submits.
Present Participle Passive teaching, taught, having taught, being taught; published, being published, having published, is being published; have played, being played, having been played, played; having been caught, are being caught, being caught, have caught.
Perfect Participle Active having thrown, throwing, have thrown, having been thrown; have been dried, being dried, having dried, drying; are being paid, being paid, have paid, having paid; having been sent, have sent, having sent, sent.
Perfect Participle Passive sorted, have been sorted, having been sorted, having sorted; have drawn, having been drawn, drawing, being drawn; writing, have written, having been written, wrote; have forgotten, having forgotten, having been forgotten, have been forgotten.
Упр.6. Выберите требуемую форму причастия.
СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ ФУНКЦИИ ПРИЧАСТИЯ Причастие может выступать в предложении как определение (все формы, кроме Perfect Participle), обстоятельство (времени, причины, образа действия и др.) часто в сочетании с союзом (when, while, if), часть сказуемого, части сложного дополнения и обстоятельства, выраженные предикативным оборотом. В нижеследующих таблицах систематизируются наиболее общие случаи употребления причастий в этих функциях, а также способы их перевода на русский язык. PRESENT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE (PARTICIPLE I)
Упр. 7 Переведите следующие предложения с Present Participle Active в функции: а) определения 1. The student reading the article doesn’t use a dictionary. 2. The student reading the article didn’t use a dictionary. 3. Nowadays there is a growing interest in learning foreign languages. 4. All visitors touring the art museum were asked to sign the guest book. 5. He picked up the letter lying on the floor. 6. People starting to learn a foreign language sometimes find it difficult to memorize words. 7. Tourists arriving in London visit various museums. 8. They looked at the train passing by. 9. We are all concerned about the rising level of pollution. 10. I think he is the best poet living.
б) обстоятельства 1. Knowing English well he can read scientific journals without any difficulty. 2. Knowing English well he could translate articles without a dictionary. 3. Reading books in the original you will master English very quickly. 4. Explaining the rule the teacher cited a lot of examples illustrating it. 5. Testing the engine the engineer applied new methods. 6. When testing the engine the engineer applied new methods. 7. While unloading the ship they broke some cases. 8. He left the room leaving the door open. 9. Receiving the telegram he hurried up to the station. 10. Arriving in London we went sightseeing.
в) части сказуемого 1. She is studying English at the University. 2. She has been learning English since last autumn. 3. He was reading a book when I came. 4. He said he had been working since early morning. 5. Don’t call him tonight - he will be working at his report. 6. The film was amusing. 7. Dick’s answer is surprising. 8. It was an exhausting walk. 9. The change of schedule was confusing for all the passengers. 10. Nick’s courage was astonishing.
Упр.8. Определите функцию Present Participle Active в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык. 1. He is telling her an amusing story now. 2. A person telling us good news is always welcome. 3. She has been skating since morning. 4. While skating yesterday he fell and hurt his leg. 5. When writing the letter he tried to follow the "Golden rules" of writing a letter: a letter should be clear, complete, concise, courteous, correct. 6. Not knowing the man, I can’t introduce you to him. 7. His stories are always amusing. 8. Trains going to Moscow are scheduled to depart every hour. 9. Receiving an e-mail message he always takes it to the manager. 10. They have been living in France for years. 11. They spoke about their relatives living in France. 12. When I came in he was writing a letter. 13. Not remembering the title of the book, we had to ask our teacher. 14. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds. 15. While examining the old vase we saw some cracks on it. PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE (PARTICIPLE II)
Упр. 9 Переведите следующие предложения с Past Participle Passive (Participle II) в функции: а) определения 1. The house built in this street is very beautiful. 2. The issue discussed at the last meeting is of great importance for our company. 3. They have to repair the broken parts of this engine. 4. The data found by the researchers is valuable for their future work. 5. The composition written by this student is excellent. We shall use instruments of improved design. 6. The method proposed by this young researcher was not acceptable. 7. The results obtained by this group are very good. 8. There are many illustrated magazines in our reading-room. 9. The discovery made by him is of great value. б) обстоятельства и именной части сказуемого 1. When asked, he answered all the questions. 2. This book is sold everywhere. 3. Unless discussed, the new method must not be used. 4. When translated, the instruction became perfectly understood. 5. When offered help, he accepted it with gratitude. 6. Ice melts when heated. 7. If frozen, water becomes ice. 8. When corrected, the article was published. 9. When produced, the parts will be sent to various plants.10. As my watch was broken, I had to buy a new one. 11. If corrected, the article will be published. 12. When you go through the customs, your luggage will be checked. 13. When cooled, the solution was tested. 14. The letters have already been typed. 15. Packed in cases, the goods were not damaged. 16. When subjected to high temperature, this substance changes its properties. 17. This device was installed yesterday. 18. When installed, the device will be ready for operation. 19. The project has just been completed. 20. Completed in due time, the book was accepted by the publishing house.
Упр. 10 Определите функцию Past Participle Passive в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык. 1. The meeting was attended by over five thousand people. 2. If asked, he will tell them all about it. 3. Our manager presented the approved plan to the audience. 4. The book just referred to has been translated into Russian. 5. Asked whether she would participate in the conference she answered that she would. 6. Lake Baikal, known to be the deepest in the world, is fed by 336 rivers. 7. When asked, he couldn’t answer the question. 8. The decision taken by him is important for our business operation. 9. This pencil is broken. Can I have another one? 10. The match was watched by thousands of people. 11. The price will be agreed upon during the talks. 12. Though expected on Sunday, he arrived on Monday. 13. There are many hidden rocks in the stream. 14. This firm is interested in the purchase of automobiles produced by our plant. 15. The terms agreed upon were included in the contract.
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ PRESENT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE И PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE В ФУНКЦИИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ Present Participle Active в функции определения употребляется тогда, когда существительное, к которому оно относится, совершает действие или отвечает за него или вызывает определенное состояние. Present Participle Active в функции определения можно заменить придаточным определительным предложением с глаголом в форме Continuous. The crying baby awoke the nurse. = The baby who was crying awoke the nurse. The child saw a frightening film. = The child saw the film which was frightening him.
Past Participle Passive в функции определения употребляется тогда, когда существительное, к которому оно относится, испытывает действие или состояние. Past Participle Passive в функции определения можно заменить придаточным определительным предложением с глаголом в форме Passive. The sorted mail was delivered to the offices before noon. = The mail which had been sorted was delivered to the offices before noon. The frightened child began to cry. = The child who had been frightened began to cry.
Упр. 11 Употребите Present Participle Active или Past Participle Passive в функции определения в следующих предложениях. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The (breaking/broken) dishes lay on the floor. 2. The (trembling/trembled) children were given a blanket for warmth. 3. Compassionate friends tried to console the (crying/cried) victims of the accident. 4. When James noticed the (burning/burnt) building, he notified the fire department immediately. 5. The (exciting/excited) passengers jumped into the lifeboats when notified that the ship was sinking. 6. The (smiling/smiled) Mona Lisa is on display in the Louvre in Paris. 7. The wind made such (frightening/frightened) noises that the children ran to their parents’ room. 8. The (frightening/frightened) hostages only wanted to be left alone. 9. The (boring/bored) lecture got the students to sleep. 10. The (boring/bored) students went to sleep during the (boring/bored) lecture. 11. The police towed away the (parking/parked) cars because they were blocking the entrance. 12. (Freezing/frozen) food is often easier to prepare than fresh food. 13. The (cleaning/cleaned) shoes were placed in the sun to dry. 14. We found it difficult to get through the (closing/closed) door without a key. 15. As we entered the (crowding/crowded) room, I noticed my cousins.
СОПОСТАВЛЕНИЕ PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE (PARTICIPLE II) И PAST INDEFINITE ACTIVE ГЛАГОЛОВ, У КОТОРЫХ ЭТИ ФОРМЫ СОВПАДАЮТ (типа INVITED, SENT, MADE и др.)
1. В простом предложении глагольная форма, совпадающая с Participle II или Past Indefinite Active, является причастием в функции определения при наличии личной формы глагола: The researchers invited to our plant are Moscow University graduates - Исследователи, приглашенные на наш завод, - выпускники Московского университета.
2. Если после глагольной формы, которая может быть или Participle II или Past Indefinite Active, стоит предлог by, то эта глагольная форма всегда причастие: The research work carried out by this young scientist is very important for our project. Работа, выполненная этим молодым ученым, очень важна для нашего проекта.
3. Если в предложении рядом стоят две глагольные формы, каждая из которых может быть или Participle II или Past Indefinite Active, то первая из них, стоящая сразу после определяемого слова, - Participle II, а вторая - Past Indefinite Active: The substance obtained contained some admixtures. Полученное вещество содержало примеси.
Упр. 12 Проанализируйте следующие предложения: найдите в них подлежащее и сказуемое. Выделите группу определения с Participle II. Укажите, по каким признакам вы определили Participle II. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The method proposed by this scientist was discussed at the meeting. 2. The data referred to in this paper showed that our conclusions were correct. 3. Our attention will be focused on comparative methods applied by different sciences. 4. The technique employed used a single probe (зонд). 5. The complexity of the technique involved increased considerably. 6. Every body located on earth is pulled downwards by the earth. 7. The nucleus formed by the emission of the gamma-ray may be unstable. 8. The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant. 9. All the isotopes now produced by reactors can also be made in a cyclotron. 10. The pressure just calculated is surface pressure.
Упр. 13. Найдите предложения с Past Participle Passive, определите его функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. He checked all the compositions two days ago. 2. When checked by the teacher, the compositions were handed out to the students. 3. He has checked all the papers written by the students. 4. We ordered new magazines yesterday. 5. The engines ordered at the plant will be delivered in a few days. 6. When completed, the project was discussed in detail. 7. The completed project was a great success. 8. We completed our project the other day. 9. Spoken words are often more powerful than written ones. 10. I have spoken to him more than once, but he hasn’t given any answer. 11. Though boiled, the water was unsuitable for drinking. 12. When freshly prepared this substance is colourless. 13. He has prepared everything we need for the experiment. 14. Unless otherwise stated we shall analyse only solutions in liquids. 15. The articles referred to above deal with alkali metals.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE
PERFECT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE
Примечание. Когда речь идет о двух действиях, непосредственно следующих одно за другим, и нет необходимости подчеркивать, что действие, выраженное причастием, предшествует действию, выраженному глаголом в личной форме, употребляется не Perfect Participle, а Present Participle. В соответствующих придаточных предложениях глагол-сказуемое употребляется в форме Indefinite. Receiving the e-mail message (= When he received the e-mail message) he called the manager. Получив телеграмму, он позвонил управляющему.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE
Примечание. Вместо Perfect Participle Passive часто употребляется Present Participle Passive и Past Participle: Having been sent to the wrong address ...= Being sent to the wrong address...= Sent to the wrong address...
СВОДКА СПОСОБОВ ПЕРЕВОДА АНГЛИЙСКИХ ПРИЧАСТИЙ НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Упр. 14. Определите форму и функцию сложных форм причастий в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык. 1. The question being discussed now is very important. 2. Yesterday the professor told us about his experiments being carried at his laboratory. 3. The large house being built in our street is a new school. 4. Being packed in plastic cases the goods arrived in good condition. 5. Being asked whether he intended to return soon, he answered that he would be away for a couple of weeks. 6. Having fulfilled the terms of the contract, we refused to admit the claim (признать претензию) of the firm. 7. Having collected all the necessary material for the report, he started writing it. 8. He left the office, having finished all the work planned for that day. 9. Having been sorted the goods were placed in a warehouse. 10. Having been sent to the wrong fax number, the message was not received by the addressee. 11. The film being shown now is very interesting. 12. Being asked for help, he gave us explicit instructions. 13. Having written the translation, I gave it to the teacher. 14. Having been written the translation was given to the teacher. 15. Having been compiled very carefully the manual contained all the necessary instructions. 16. The house being built in our street will soon be ready. 17. Being built of prefabricated parts, it will soon be ready. 18. Having used the device redesigned by a group of our researchers we increased the production of goods. 19. Being delivered by a famous scientist the lecture was listened to with great attention. 20. The lecture being delivered by a famous scientist is listened to with great attention.
ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИЧАСТНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ 1). Определительные причастные обороты стоят, как правило, после определяемого существительного и отвечают на вопрос какой? На русский язык они переводятся причастным оборотом с соответствующей формой причастия или определительным придаточным предложением: Рhenomena occurring during solar flares are thoroughly investigated. Явления, происходящие во время вспышек на солнце (которые происходят во время вспышек на солнце), тщательно исследуются. The equipment needed for the experiment was carefully checked. Оборудование, необходимое (которое необходимо) для опыта, было тщательно проверено.
2). Причастные обороты могут выполнять функцию определения при заместителях существительных that (those), one (ones). В этом случае они переводятся по общим правилам: вместо местоимения that (those) и слова-заместителя one (ones), стоящих перед причастием, повторяется существительное, которое они заменяют (that, those можно переводить тот, который). This substance is more valuable than that obtained by other researchers. Это вещество более ценно, чем вещество, полученное (то, которое было получено) предшествующими исследователями.
3). Если причастный оборот, являясь определением к подлежащему, стоит после сказуемого, то перевод предложения следует начинать со сказуемого: A graph is given showing the dependence of pressure on temperature. Приводится график, иллюстрирующий зависимость давления от температуры.
4). Наречия so - так, so far (thus far) - до сих пор (таким образом) и другие, стоящие перед причастием и входящие в определительный причастный оборот, при переводе ставятся после него: The substance thus obtained was pure. Вещество, полученное таким образом, было чистым.
5). Перед Participle II, входящим в определительный причастный оборот, может стоять союз as, который или не переводится на русский язык, или переводится, используя в том виде, как; так, как. As ordinarily obtained iron contains some admixtures. Железо в том виде, как оно обычно получается (так, как его обычно получают), содержит примеси.
Упр. 15. Переведите следующие предложения: 1) учитывая форму залога причастий в определительных причастных оборотах 1. Simultaneous translation provided at the conference was excellent. 2. We are going to study mechanisms underlying photosynthesis. 3. The knowledge gained on the subject during the past decade is rather important. 4. For further details the reader is referred to the paper presented by Dr. Brown. 5. The calculation depends on the peculiar laws governing the movement of molecules.
2) обращая внимание на слова-заместители существительного 1. The gamma-ray observed here may be identified with the one observed in the previous experiments. 2. This law takes into account forms of energy other than those discussed so far. 3. The first time interval is that taken by the faster ions to travel the distance from the plates and the second is that taken by the slower ions. 4. We are now to deal with different kinds of solids those usually implied by the term "normal".
3) соблюдая порядок слов, свойственный русскому языку 1. New discoveries may be made adding valuable information on the true forms of molecules. 2. Evidence was found indicating that there were large potential irregularities in the energy level throughout the crystal. 3. An equation has been developed describing the depolarization of the fluorescence. 4. A theory is presented taking into account the angular distribution of the scattered light.
4) обращая внимание на место наречий, определяющих причастие, в английском и русском языках 1. The wave length so determined will not be exactly accurate. 2. The ions thus formed will be accelerated in the direction towards the cathode. 3. Now it is possible to include cross section for fission neutrons hitherto (до сих пор) unpublished. 4. The solid solution theory explains certain phenomena not otherwise (иначе) accounted for.
5) обращая внимание на определительные причастные обороты, вводимые союзом as 1. The theoretical significance of the wave theory of matter as applied to electrons will be discussed later. 2. The photoelectric current, as measured by means of the galvanometer is directly proportional to the intensity of light. 3. The first practical spectroscope was designed in 1858. As originally constructed it was provided with a glass prism and used only for visible light. 4. The crystal growth as promoted by the addition of iodine was studied by electron microscopy.
ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫЕ ПРИЧАСТНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ Обстоятельственные причастные обороты характеризуют сказуемое и отвечают на вопросы когда?, почему?, как? и т.д. Английские обстоятельственные причастные обороты переводятся на русский язык: 1) деепричастным оборотом; 2) группой отглагольного существительного с предлогом при, без; 3) обстоятельственным придаточным предложением.
В английском языке причастные обороты в функции обстоятельства бывают двух типов: I. Обороты, в которых причастие выражает действие, относящееся к лицу (или предмету), обозначенному подлежащим предложения. Reading this book the student found out many interesting facts. Читая эту книгу, студент обнаружил много интересных фактов. Когда студент читал эту книгу, он обнаружил ...
Being invited too late Morrison could not go to the conference. Так как Моррисона пригласили слишком поздно, он не смог поехать на конференцию. Будучи приглашен слишком поздно, Моррисон не смог поехать ... Considered from this point of view the question will be of great interest. При рассмотрении с этой точки зрения вопрос представит большой интерес. Если вопрос рассматривать с этой точки зрения, он окажется весьма интересным. Будучи рассмотрен с этой точки зрения ...
Having made the measurements the experimenter then processed the data. Проведя измерения, экспериментатор затем обработал данные. После того как экспериментатор провел измерения, он обработал данные.
Having been heated for several hours the substance began to melt. После того как вещество нагревали в течение нескольких часов, оно начало плавиться.
Обстоятельственные причастные обороты могут вводиться союзами: when, while - когда; if - если; whenever - всякий раз когда; unless - если ... не; until - пока ...не; though - хотя, хотя и; once - когда, раз и др. When carrying out the experiment the scientist noticed that ... Проводя эксперимент, ученый заметил, что ... При проведении эксперимента ученый заметил, что ... Когда ученый проводил эксперимент, он заметил, что ...
Unless heated this substance does not melt. Без нагревания это вещество не плавится. Если это вещество не нагревают, оно не плавится. Не будучи нагрето, это вещество не плавится.
I. Обороты, в которых причастие выражает действие, не относящееся к лицу (или предмету), обозначенному подлежащим предложения. Такие обороты называются независимыми (абсолютными) причастными оборотами (The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction). В предложении они выполняют функцию сложного обстоятельства. Сложное обстоятельство состоит из: - существительного в общем падеже или - личного местоимения в общем падеже + причастие или безличного местоимения it, или вводного there
Независимый причастный оборот имеет свой собственный субъект действия, отличный от подлежащего предложения. Независимый причастный оборот отделяется от главной части предложения запятой. Независимый причастный оборот переводится: - обстоятельственным придаточным предложением с союзом так как; после того, как; когда; если и др. - самостоятельным предложением с союзами и, а, причем. The situation being favourable, they bought the shares. Так как ситуация была благоприятной, они купили акции. We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us. Мы продолжали свою работу, а наши лаборанты помогали нам (предлог with не переводится!) The signal given, the rocket starts immediately. Когда (как только) дается сигнал, ракета сразу взлетает. The astronomer proceeded with his observation, the sky having cleared. Астроном продолжал наблюдения, после того как (так как) небо прояснилось. It being Sunday, the library was closed. Так как было воскресенье, библиотека была закрыта. There being many people in the conference hall, we could not enter it. Так как в зале было много народу, мы не могли войти. Members of Parliament vote automatically with their parties, the limit for the division being six minutes. Члены (английского) парламента голосуют автоматически со своей партией, причем голосование должно занимать не более шести минут.
Упр. 16. Найдите независимые причастные обороты в следующих предложениях. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Nobody being there, I went away. 2. It being very cold, they made a fire. 3. It was dark, the sun having set an hour before. 4. The play being very popular, it was difficult to get tickets. 5. My brother having taken the key, I could not enter the house. 6. There being a severe storm at sea, the steamer could not leave the port. 7. The letter having been delayed, the news reached us too late. 8. The professor being ill, the lecture was postponed. 9. Weather permitting, the ship will leave the port tomorrow. 10. The signal given, the train started. 11. The choice having been made, all other papers have been rejected. 12. We are not giving you any details, the enclosed letters containing the necessary information. 13. The sun having risen, they continued their way. 14. The contract is written in English and Russian, both versions being valid. 15. The total value of the country’s exports increased by 19.4 percent last year, with foodstuffs and manufactured goods occupying an important part in the exports.
Упр. 17 Определите тип причастного оборота в следующих предложениях и в соответствии с этим переведите их. 1. The weather being fine, they went for a walk. 2. The project being realised was proposed by a team of scientists. 3. The goods having been unloaded, the workers left the port. 4. Having read the note, he folded it and put it away. 5. The English spoken by most educated people in Britain is known as the Queen’s English or standard English. It is the English taught in universities and schools and the kind heard on the BBC. 6. England being a constitutional monarchy, the Queen of England is only a formal ruler. 7. A trouble shared is a trouble halved. 8. The work finished, we went home. 9. When asked if he realised the danger, he said he did. 10. London is not only the centre of commerce and finance but also a great port, with many imported and exported goods passing through it. 11. It being Sunday, most shops in the town were closed. 12. The final round of the negotiations over, a joint communique was signed. 13. There being a lot of things to discuss, the conference lasted long. 14. The negotiations between the American and British representatives were conducted behind closed doors, measures having been taken so that no reporter should receive any information. 15. The proposal being unconstitutional, the committee rejected it. 16. When crossing the street in London, look to the right, then to the left. 17. Based on a real life event, the story aroused everybody’s attention. 18. Entering or leaving a room with ladies, don’t rush before them. Remember the golden rule of every gentleman: "Ladies first". 19. With the shipping strike in the United States still going on, arrivals of American cotton in Liverpool were rather small at that time. 20. There are ten executive departments under the US President, the heads of these departments forming a council known as the President’s Cabinet. Besides these ten executive departments, there are many independent offices, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) being one of them.
ПРИЧАСТИЕ В СЛОЖНОМ ДОПОЛНЕНИИ (ОБОРОТ "ОБЪЕКТНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ + ПРИЧАСТИЕ”) Сложное дополнение с причастием состоит из: существительного в общем падеже или личного местоимения в объектном падеже + причастие В сложном дополнении употребляются Participle I (Active, Passive) и Participle II. На русский язык сложное дополнение переводится придаточным предложением с союзами что, чтобы, как.
Сложное дополнение употребляется: 1) после глаголов, выражающих желание и суждение: wish, want - желать, хотеть; would like - хотел бы, assume, consider - считать; find - находить, обнаруживать. В этом случае наряду с оборотом "объектный падеж + причастие" употребляется оборот "объектный падеж + инфинитив". He wants the work done immediately (= He wants the work to be done immediately). Он хочет, чтобы работа была выполнена немедленно.
Причастие может вводиться союзом as. В таком случае, кроме указанного выше перевода, причастие можно переводить соответствующей формой причастия с союзом или без него. We consider matter as being built up of atoms. Мы считаем, что материя состоит из атомов. Мы рассматриваем материю как состоящую из атомов.
2) после глаголов, выражающих восприятие посредством органов чувств (глаголов физического восприятия): see - видеть, watch - смотреть, hear - слышать, notice - замечать, observe - наблюдать, feel - чувствовать. I saw him repairing the car. Я видел, как он ремонтировал машину. I saw the car being repaired. Я видел, как машину ремонтировали. I’ve never heard his name mentioned. Я никогда не слышал, чтобы упоминали его имя. После этих глаголов употребляется также сложное дополнение, выраженное инфинитивным оборотом.
СРАВНЕНИЕ СПОСОБОВ ПЕРЕВОДА ОБОРОТОВ "ОБЪЕКТНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ + ПРИЧАСТИЕ" И "ОБЪЕКТНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ + ИНФИНИТИВ" ПОСЛЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО ВОСПРИЯТИЯ
Упр. 18. Переведите следующие предложения, учитывая правила перевода сложного дополнения.
1. I saw him painting her portrait. 2. He would like the work finished as soon as possible. 3. They watched the fire being put out. 4. The chief wants the job done by tomorrow. 5. She wants this name remembered. 6. The passers-by watched the house being pulled down. 7. I’ve never heard his name mentioned. 8. We watched him slowly approaching the gate. 9. He would like the incident forgotten. 10. None of us noticed the papers thrown away. 11. We noticed the engines being carefully packed in cases. 12. They watched the tree being planted. 13. He wanted the man found. 14. Have you ever seen a film being shot? 15. I heard your book mentioned in their discussion. 16. The manager wanted the cases counted and weighed. 17. They watched the temperature gradually rising. 18. Under these conditions, we may treat the corpuscle as consisting of a group of waves having identical frequencies. 19. At the date too remote to be fixed with any certainty we find the Egyptians well acquainted with the manufacture of glass. 20. Counting the net charges on each atom of the two compounds, reckoning an electron which is shared between two atoms as contributing half of its charge to each, the following scheme is obtained.
ПРИЧАСТИЕ В СОСТАВНОМ ГЛАГОЛЬНОМ СКАЗУЕМОМ (ОБОРОТ "ИМЕНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПАДЕЖ + ПРИЧАСТИЕ") Причастие в составном глагольном сказуемом стоит после глаголов типа assume, consider, regard - считать; observe - наблюдать; show - показывать и др. Перевод начинается с глагола в страдательном залоге, который передается неопределенно-личным или безличным предложением - считают, оказывается и др., после чего следует союз как или что. Остальная часть предложения переводится дополнительным придаточным предложением, сказуемое которого соответствует английскому причастию: Protons were observed leaving various elements. Наблюдали, как протоны вылетают из различных элементов.
Причастие может вводиться союзом as. В этом случае, кроме указанного выше перевода, возможен и дословный перевод. Substances are defined as having a definite invariant composition. Вещества определяются как имеющие определенный неизменный состав. Определено, что вещества имеют определенный неизменный состав.
Упр. 19. Переведите следующие предложения, учитывая особенности перевода оборота "именительный падеж + причастие". 1. The taxi could be seen waiting outside. 2. Somewhere a long way off a telephone bell rang and a voice could be heard speaking. 3. All matter should be regarded as built up of atoms. 4. The problem appeared solved when new discoveries in this field of science were made. 5. The predominance of viscosity is outwardly shown by Reynold’s number being very small for steady flow (установившееся течение). 6. To the writer’s knowledge similar rocks have not been reported as existing else- where. 7. Mendeleev should be regarded as having discovered the law of periodicity of the chemical elements.
КОНСТРУКЦИИ С ПРИЧАСТИЕМ ТИПА "HAVE + CУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ + ПРИЧАСТИЕ II" 1 I had my suit cleaned. Я почистил свой костюм. (Его мне почистили, я отдавал его в химчистку). Конструкции с причастием такого типа обозначают, что действие совершается не лицом, обозначенным подлежащим, а кем-то другим для него, за него. Сравните: He had his flat redecorated. Он сделал ремонт квартиры. (Он пригласил кого-то сделать ремонт, работали мастера.) He redecorated his flat. Он сделал ремонт квартиры. (Он работал сам.)
Глагол have в этой конструкции может употребляться в различных временных формах. I am having my car repaired. Мне ремонтируют машину. I have just had my car repaired. Мне только что отремонтировали машину. I’ll have my car repaired next month. Я отдам машину в ремонт (Мне отремонтируют) машину в следующем месяце.
Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются при помощи глагола do: Do you have your car repaired every year? He did not have his car repaired last year. Предложения типа The device has the lens shifted переводятся на русский язык следующим образом: У прибора линза смещена.
Упр. 20. Переведите следующие предложения. 1. I have this suit cleaned every month. 2. Yesterday he cleaned his suit. 3. I’ve just had a new coat made. 4. I have made this dress myself. 5. He mended his shoes. 6. He had his shoes mended. 7. He painted the walls of this flat. 8. He had the walls of his room painted. 9. The majority of atoms have all their electrons shared. 10. All electrons may have their k-values changed systematically by the applied field.
СРАВНЕНИЕ ГЕРУНДИЯ И ПРИЧАСТИЯ
Упр. 17 Укажите предложения, содержащие герундий. 1. Climbing the mountain, he broke his leg. 2. Having climbed the mountain, they rested the whole day. 3. Climbing a mountain is his favourite pastime. 4. The rule being explained is not easy. 5. Having been explained the rule became quite clear to everybody. 6. The rule being explained, we started doing the exercises. 7. I prefer explaining to testing. 8. Why do you dislike living here? 9. What’s the name of the girl living here? 10. I don’t like the idea of her living here. 11. The water here is not very good. I’d avoid drinking it. 12. What are you drinking? Is it apple juice? 13. After being stopped by the police, the man admitted stealing the car. 14. Being stopped by the police the man admitted stealing the car.
Упр. 18 Переведите следующие предложения, сопоставляя герундий в функции подлежащего с причастием в функции обстоятельства. 1. Studying experiments with ice one can show that pressure causes ice to melt. 2. Introducing an ideal substance is a favourite device in theory, but it is sometimes dangerous. 3. Using the terms just defined, the above examples of functional relations can be restated as follows. 4. Bombarding atoms often results in unstable atoms that sometimes emit positrons and sometimes electrons. 5. Substracting the vapour pressure at the existing temperature gives the initial gas pressure. 6. Substituting this value in our equation, we get the following formula. 7. Increasing the magnetic field by using electromagnets results in a considerable increase of the ionic current. |
