 ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОЕ
| We study a foreign language
Economy of Ukraine Ukraine is an agro-industrial country. Ukraine is rich in natural resources. The main minerals are iron ore, coal, rock salt cement, gypsum uranium, different metals and other natural resources . Ukraine fully satisfies its needs in minerals but it still has to import some of them. So, oil and gas are imported from Russia and Turkmenistan as the oil and gas deposits of Ukraine cannot satisfy country’s needs in these energy resources. In the current structure of Ukraine’s industry a great proposition is occupied by heavy industry, especially, the iron, and steel, machine-building and coal industries. A considerable part is played by the food, light and chemical industries. Defence industry is being restructured and converted with emphasis on the output of consumer goods. However, today’s industries are unable to satisfy the consumers’ wants because they are not integrated into the world process of economic , technological and scientific progress. The national industries have low standard in processing raw material and outdated and worn-out production equipment. Ukraine is one of the world’s most productive farming regions and is known as ”Europe’s granary”. There are two main branches of agricultural production in Ukraine : crop production and animal husbandry. Among the crops grown in Ukraine are sugar beet, wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, sunflower, a large variety of grain cultures, fruit and vegetables. The most widespread branches of animal husbandry are dairy and beef cattle breeding and pig raising. Two interrogated processes characterize Ukraine’s economy today, namely its assertion as that of an independent state, and its transition from planned-centralized to market-controlled. Ukraine has currently achieved macroeconomic stability. Prices, domestic and foreign trade have been liberalized. An austere monetary policy has been introduced. Tax and budget systems are also being reformed. A twin-level banking structure took shape: the National Bank of Ukraine, and commercial banks of all types and forms of property . ”Small-scale” privatization is nearly completed in Ukraine today. Privatization has sped up for large and medium size enterprises, including enterprises in the agro-industrial sector. Ukraine’s foreign policy is aimed at wide and long-term co-operation. Ukraine is acting on the assumption that this is the most effective way of solving not only economic but also political problems.
1. to be rich in smth – бути багатим на щось 2. iron and steel industry – чорна металургія 3. outdated and worn-out equipment – застаріле та спрацьоване обладнання 4. Europe’s granary – житниця Європи 5. crop production – рослинництво 6. animal husbandry – тваринництво 7. dairy and beef cattle breeding – розведення молочної та м’ясної худоби 8. pig raising – свинарство 9. transition from planned-centralized to market-controlled – перехід від планово-централізованої до ринково – регульованої 10. austere monetary policy – жорстка монетарна політика 11. twin-level banking structure – дворівнева банківська система 12. to speed up – прискорювати 13. to aim at smth – націлювати на щось 14. wide and long-term co-operation – широкомасштабне і довгострокове співробітництво 15. on the assumption – виходячи з припущення British Economy The United Kingdom is one of the world’s largest exporters of manufactured goods per head of population. For every person employed in agriculture eleven people are employed in mining, manufacturing and building. Apart from coal and iron ore Britain has very few natural resources. Its agriculture provides only half the food it needs. Most of if the raw materials such as oil and various metals (copper zinc, uranium ore and others) have to be imported. Britain also has to import timber, cotton, fruit and farm products. Britain used to be richly forested, but most of the forests were cut down to make more room for cultivation. The greater part of land is used for cattle and sheep breeding, and pig raising. Among the crops grown on the farms are wheat, barley and oats. The fields are mainly in the eastern part of the country. Most of the farms are small. Farms tend to be bigger where the soil is less fertile. Britain produces high quality expensive goods, which has always been characteristic of its industry. A shortage of raw materials, as well as the high cost of production makes it unprofitable for British industry to produce semi-finished goods or cheap articles. Britain mostly produces articles, requiring skilled labour, precision instruments, chemicals. Britain high quality consumer goods and articles made of various kinds of synthetic (man-made) materials. The original basis of British industry was coal mining, and the early factories grew up not far from the main mining areas. Glasgow and Newcastle became great centres of engineering and shipbuilding . Lancashire produced cotton goods and Yorkshire woollens , with Sheffield concentrating on iron and steel. Birmingham developed light engineering. There appeared a tendency for industry and population to move to the south, particularly to the London area. Britain’s industry is now widely dispersed. Great progress was made in the development of new industries, such as the aircraft, automobile, electronic industries and others. A number of atomic power reactors were made. Great emphasis was made on the development of the war industry
1. manufactured goods – промислові товари 2. per head of population – на душу населення 3. apart of smth. – крім чогось 4. used to be smth. – був кимось колись 5. used to do smth. – робив щось колись 6. to make room for smth. – звільняти простір (місце) для чогось 7. to breed smth. – розводити, вирощувати (тварин) 8. to tend to do smth. – мати тенденцію робити щось 9. article – виріб, товар, предмет виробництва 10. to require smth. (doing smth.) – вимагати, потребувати чогось (робити щось) 11. precision instruments – точні інструменти 12. to be widely dispersed – широко розповсюджуватись
US Economy The United States is rich in natural resources the main being iron ore, coal and oil. The nation produces more than 100 million tons of iron a year. Four fifths of the ore mined in the USA comes from the Great Lakes region. Though a great deal of the ore has been used up, it resources have not been exhausted, most of the coal mined in the USA is used by power plants to produce electricity. Coal is also used in the chemical industry for the manufacture of plastics and other synthetics. The production, processing and marketing of such oil products as petrol (called “gasoline” or “gas” in the USA) make up one of America’s largest industries. The basic metals and minerals mined in the United States are zinc, copper and silver. There are two branches of agriculture in the United States. They are crop production and animal husbandry. Some of the main crops grown in the USA are wheat, maize, cotton, tobacco and fruit. Cattle breeding and pig raising make up an important branch of America’s agriculture. To make the farmer’s work more productive scientific methods of farming are employed and modern technique of freezing, canning and packaging farm products is used. The United States is a highly industrialized country with various branches of heavy industry prevailing, namely the mining, metallurgical , automobile and chemical industries as well as engineering. Many branches of light industry are also developed, among them are the textile, clothing, food and wood-working industries. A great deal of attention in American industry is devoted to research and emphasis is made on the use of labour saving machines, in the past few years the number of workers has increased only a few per cent, while the number of scientists and engineers in the plants has almost doubled. Mechanization and automation do away with thousands of office jobs, intensify production and increase labour productivity. But they also bring about a further growth of unemployment. New industries are created as new discoveries are made in physics , chemistry and other sciences. Atomic energy, for example, has created a wide range of new industries. Electronics has become a major industry . Great emphasis is being made on the war industry. American industry is distributed unevenly. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the eastern part of the country. But industry is spreading out as there is a tendency to build factories far removed from the home plant and closer to natural resources and markets. Good transportation facilities and rapid communication systems make it possible for factories. The leading US exports are industrial machinery, electronics equipment, textiles, iron, coal, oil products and chemicals, grain and other farm products.
1. to mine coal ( ore etc.) – видобувати вугілля (руду тощо) 2. to exhaust smth. – виснажувати, вичерпувати щось 3. power plant – електростанція 4. to process smth. – обробляти щось 5. to employ smth. – використовувати, застосовувати 6. technique – техніка, методи 7. to can smth. – консервувати щось 8. to package smth. – пакувати щось 9. research – наукові дослідження, науково-дослідна робота 10. labour-saving machine – машина, що заощаджує час 11. in the past few years – за останні декілька років 12. to do away with smth. – покінчити з чимось, ліквідувати щось 13. labour productivity – продуктивність праці 14. to make discovery – робити відкриття 15. unevenly – нерівномірно
I am a student I am Kovalenko Katya. So, I am a student now. I’m a first-year student of the day-time department. I’ve entered State Tax Service Academy of Ukraine after finishing a secondary school. You know, that was my dream to enter this Institute. No wonder, as all members of our family are economists. My father taught me to understand and love mathematics. I realize now mathematics is a corner-stone of all sciences. My father works as a financier at the Planning Economic Department of the plant. My mother is a book-keeper at a book-keeping department of the factory. She likes her specialty very much. I love a sister. She is twenty. And she is also an economist. She works as a cashier at the post-office savings-bank. She combines her work with studies at the Institute. She is a second-year student of non-resident instruction at this Institute. As you see, I took my parents way. I worked hard to pass my entrance examinations well. And now I’ve become a happy member of the great, young family of students. Many new things and notions came into my life with it. At first, I didn’t know what they meant. Now I became familiar with such words as “a freshman”, “a sophomore”, “an undergraduate” and such terms as “a period”, “a seminar”, “labworks”. I know what it means “to make notes”, “to pass thousands”, etc. I’m still to know more, and first of all how to save time to be able to not only study well, but to take an active part in the students’ life, to join some students’ scientific society and to sing in our Academy choir, to become a member of our Academy famous football team and to visit interesting students’ evening-parties. I’m fond of everything at my Academy. I like its great beautiful building, sport complex, it’s lecture halls, laboratories, studies. I’m a freshman, as they call the first-year students. It’ll take time to take time to know everything about our Academy.
State TAX Service Academy Our educational establishment has a long history. It was founded in 1921 in Kyiv for training specialists in peat developing. After Great Patriotic War it was removed to a small town not far from Kyiv, Irpin. For three decades it was known as a technical secondary school, then a college. And in 1996 it was charted as the Ukrainian Institute for Economics and Finance in march of 2000 it has got the name. There are four departments at our Academy at present: Law Department, Accounting Department, Finance Department and Tax Militia Department. The purpose of the Institute is to educate students to serve in the branches of economy. The graduates from the Institute will work at various branches of industry, agriculture, finance and banking system accounting and statistics computing information, State Tax Authorities . Our graduates are specialists of new formation. They keep up with progress and are able to run in the ocean of commodity and market relations. The overwhelming majority of the students receive state scholarship and are provided with hostel accommodation. The students have free access to the libraries, reading-rooms, laboratories, computing center, studies, sport facilities etc. Many young people prefer to combine studies with work for various reasons. They are admitted to the Institute extra-mural department. The course of studies at the Academy lasts for four, five years. The academic year is divided into two terms. The students have an examination session at the end of each term. At the end of their studies they have to submit a graduation paper and take the state examinations. The Academy offers a curriculum of economic subjects: Finance Statistics, Accounting, Economics and Management of Enterprises, Enterprise Business, Labour Resources, Marketing, Computer Information System, International Relations, Taxation, Insurance. The instructors and professors of our Academy take into account the experience of West countries in the field of training specialists at the Universities of the USA, Germany
We study a foreign language The students of our Institute study one of four foreign languages. I studied English at school so I’m going to perfect it at the Institute. But my friend Galina studies German, and Natasha studies French. The total number of languages in the world is about 5000. The most widespread languages are Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian and others. These languages are alive, i.e. they are in use. In addition to these, there are ”dead” languages which are no more means of communication. There are old Greek, Latin, Old Slavonic. There is also a number of artificial or universal or world languages. The world-known artificial language is Esperanto. There are also programming languages that are used in computers. These are specialized languages. English is one of the richest languages and spoken practically all over the world. But the language itself has a long history of development. The ancient inhabitants of Great Britain were the Celts. The language then was not like the English of today. Only a few their words remained in the language now, spoken by the English people. Then G.B. was occupied by the Romans. The Roman period of British history lasted 465 years. The Romans brought a few Roman words into the English: Street, Lincoln, Doncaster and some other names. Then the Saxons came and settled down in the land they conquered. These Germans were the founders of the English nation. By and by came other Germanic tribes who settled on different parts of the coast. Among these tribes were people called the Angles. When the Angles and Saxons grew into one, they were called Anglo-Saxons or Angles (English). The general name they gave to the country in which they had settled was England. The Saxons as well as the Angles called their speech English. The Normanns came then. Though the Normanns became the masters of England and the Saxon became their servants, the Saxons didn’t want to speak their language and the Normanns had to learn English to make the English people understand their orders. In this way Anglo-Saxons’ changed a little by the Normanns became real English language of the future, and that’s why the pronunciation of English words differs so much from their spelling. Now English is the mother tongue throughout the continent of North America (the USA and Canada) in the British Isles, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. For a long time English was the most important of the languages of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania. English was imposed of the enslaved nations as the only means of communication. With the growth of national liberation movement most of the former British colonies have gained their independence. With the end of the British Empire, English, however, has not lost it’s dominant position in the former colonies. English is also the international language of commerce. It is one of five languages used in the United Nations Organisation. English is studied as a foreign language in our secondary and higher schools. I am a first year student of State TAX Service Academy . I study English. It is one of my favourite subjects. At our English lessons we learn to speak English. We study pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. I can understand spoken English all right, but I find it difficult to speak. My great desire is to have a good knowledge of English & to speak English fluently: I’d like to visit G.B. too.
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